1.0 2016-09-30 22:19:12 UTC 2020-06-04 22:20:22 UTC BMDB0000064 BMDB00064 Creatine Creatine, also known as cosmocair C 100 or krebiozon, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon), or a derivative thereof. Creatine is a drug which is used for nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance. Creatine exists as a solid, possibly soluble (in water), and a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa) molecule. Creatine exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Creatine is a potentially toxic compound. ((Amino(imino)methyl)(methyl)amino)acetic acid (alpha-Methylguanido)acetic acid (N-Methylcarbamimidamido)acetic acid alpha-Methylguanidino acetic acid Creatin Kreatin Methylglycocyamine N-(Aminoiminomethyl)-N-methylglycine N-[(e)-AMINO(imino)methyl]-N-methylglycine N-Amidinosarcosine N-Carbamimidoyl-N-methylglycine N-Methyl-N-guanylglycine ((Amino(imino)methyl)(methyl)amino)acetate (a-Methylguanido)acetate (a-Methylguanido)acetic acid (alpha-Methylguanido)acetate (Α-methylguanido)acetate (Α-methylguanido)acetic acid (N-Methylcarbamimidamido)acetate a-Methylguanidino acetate a-Methylguanidino acetic acid alpha-Methylguanidino acetate Α-methylguanidino acetate Α-methylguanidino acetic acid Cosmocair C 100 Creatine hydrate Krebiozon Methylguanidoacetate Methylguanidoacetic acid N-(Aminoiminomethyl)-N-methyl-glycine Phosphagen [[Amino(imino)methyl](methyl)amino]acetate [[Amino(imino)methyl](methyl)amino]acetic acid C4H9N3O2 131.1332 131.069476547 2-(N-methylcarbamimidamido)acetic acid creatine 57-00-1 CN(CC(O)=O)C(N)=N InChI=1S/C4H9N3O2/c1-7(4(5)6)2-3(8)9/h2H2,1H3,(H3,5,6)(H,8,9) CVSVTCORWBXHQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon), or a derivative thereof. Organic compounds Organic acids and derivatives Carboxylic acids and derivatives Amino acids, peptides, and analogues Alpha amino acids and derivatives Carbonyl compounds Carboximidamides Carboxylic acids Guanidines Hydrocarbon derivatives Imines Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives Organic oxides Organopnictogen compounds Aliphatic acyclic compound Alpha-amino acid or derivatives Carbonyl group Carboximidamide Carboxylic acid Guanidine Hydrocarbon derivative Imine Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives Organic nitrogen compound Organic oxide Organic oxygen compound Organonitrogen compound Organooxygen compound Organopnictogen compound Aliphatic acyclic compounds glycine derivative guanidines Solid melting_point 303 °C water_solubility 13.3 mg/mL at 18 °C logp -1.59 ALOGPS logs -1.50 ALOGPS logp -2.9 ChemAxon pka_strongest_acidic 3.5 ChemAxon pka_strongest_basic 12.43 ChemAxon iupac 2-(N-methylcarbamimidamido)acetic acid ChemAxon average_mass 131.1332 ChemAxon mono_mass 131.069476547 ChemAxon smiles CN(CC(O)=O)C(N)=N ChemAxon formula C4H9N3O2 ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/C4H9N3O2/c1-7(4(5)6)2-3(8)9/h2H2,1H3,(H3,5,6)(H,8,9) ChemAxon inchikey CVSVTCORWBXHQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 90.41 ChemAxon refractivity 42.01 ChemAxon polarizability 12.17 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 2 ChemAxon acceptor_count 5 ChemAxon donor_count 3 ChemAxon physiological_charge 0 ChemAxon formal_charge 0 ChemAxon number_of_rings 0 ChemAxon bioavailability 1 ChemAxon rule_of_five Yes ChemAxon ghose_filter Yes ChemAxon veber_rule Yes ChemAxon mddr_like_rule Yes ChemAxon Arginine and Proline Metabolism SMP0087178 Glycine and Serine Metabolism SMP0087245 Specdb::EiMs 1033 Specdb::CMs 23236 Specdb::CMs 31772 Specdb::CMs 31773 Specdb::CMs 37276 Specdb::CMs 99530 Specdb::CMs 99531 Specdb::CMs 136709 Specdb::CMs 144443 Specdb::CMs 1049519 Specdb::CMs 1049521 Specdb::CMs 1049523 Specdb::CMs 1049525 Specdb::CMs 1049526 Specdb::MsIr 138 Specdb::MsIr 139 Specdb::MsIr 140 Specdb::NmrTwoD 948 Specdb::NmrTwoD 1122 Specdb::NmrOneD 1064 Specdb::NmrOneD 142010 Specdb::NmrOneD 142011 Specdb::NmrOneD 142012 Specdb::NmrOneD 142013 Specdb::NmrOneD 142014 Specdb::NmrOneD 142015 Specdb::NmrOneD 142016 Specdb::NmrOneD 142017 Specdb::NmrOneD 142018 Specdb::NmrOneD 142019 Specdb::NmrOneD 142020 Specdb::NmrOneD 142021 Specdb::NmrOneD 142022 Specdb::NmrOneD 142023 Specdb::NmrOneD 142024 Specdb::NmrOneD 142025 Specdb::NmrOneD 142026 Specdb::NmrOneD 142027 Specdb::NmrOneD 142028 Specdb::NmrOneD 142029 Specdb::MsMs 105 Specdb::MsMs 106 Specdb::MsMs 107 Specdb::MsMs 2716 Specdb::MsMs 2717 Specdb::MsMs 2718 Specdb::MsMs 2719 Specdb::MsMs 2720 Specdb::MsMs 2721 Specdb::MsMs 2722 Specdb::MsMs 2723 Specdb::MsMs 2724 Specdb::MsMs 2725 Specdb::MsMs 2726 Specdb::MsMs 2727 Specdb::MsMs 2728 Specdb::MsMs 2729 Specdb::MsMs 2730 Specdb::MsMs 2731 Specdb::MsMs 2732 Specdb::MsMs 2733 Specdb::MsMs 2734 Specdb::MsMs 2735 Specdb::MsMs 2736 Specdb::MsMs 2737 Adipose Tissue Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Bladder Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Blood Detected by NMR in lactating Holstein cows. Tian H, Wang W, Zheng N, Cheng J, Li S, Zhang Y, Wang J: Identification of diagnostic biomarkers and metabolic pathway shifts of heat-stressed lactating dairy cows. J Proteomics. 2015 Jul 1;125:17-28. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.04.014. Epub 2015 Apr 22. 25913299 Blood Detected by NMR in multiparous-early lactation Holstein cows. Sun LW, Zhang HY, Wu L, Shu S, Xia C, Xu C, Zheng JS: (1)H-Nuclear magnetic resonance-based plasma metabolic profiling of dairy cows with clinical and subclinical ketosis. J Dairy Sci. 2014 Mar;97(3):1552-62. doi: 10.3168/jds.2013-6757. Epub 2014 Jan 17. 24440255 Blood Jiyuan Li, Everestus C. Akanno, Tiago Valente, Mohammed Abo-Ismail, Brian Karisa, Zhiquan Wang, Graham S. Plastow. Genomic heritability and genome-wide association studies of plasma metabolites in crossbred beef cattle. (in preparation) Blood 189.883-542.197 uM Detected by procedure of Folin and Wu (1919) Arthur K. Anderson, Howard E. Gayley, Avery D. Pratt. Studies on the Chemical Composition of Bovine Blood. J. Dairy Science (1930) 13(4):336-348 doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(30)93530-8 Blood 196 +/- 28 uM By LC-MS/MS & NMR Aidin Foroutan, Carolyn Fitzsimmons, Rupasri Mandal, Hamed Piri‐Moghadam, Jiamin Zheng, AnChi Guo, Carin Li, Le Luo Guan and David S. Wishart. The Bovine Metabolome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 233; doi:10.3390/metabo10060233 Blood Detected by NMR De Buck J, Shaykhutdinov R, Barkema HW, Vogel HJ: Metabolomic profiling in cattle experimentally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. PLoS One. 2014 Nov 5;9(11):e111872. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111872. eCollection 2014. 25372282 Brain Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Colostrum Detected by NMR Zanardi E, Caligiani A, Palla L, Mariani M, Ghidini S, Di Ciccio PA, Palla G, Ianieri A: Metabolic profiling by (1)H NMR of ground beef irradiated at different irradiation doses. Meat Sci. 2015 May;103:83-9. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.01.005. Epub 2015 Jan 15. 25637742 Epidermis Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Fibroblasts Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Heart Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Intestine Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Kidney Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Liver 8 multiparous Chinese Holstein dairy cows fed in the Hangzhou Hangjiang Dairy Farm based on the milk production under corn stover based diets. Detection used gas chromatography time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS) platform. Sun HZ, Zhou M, Wang O, Chen Y, Liu JX, Guan LL: Multi-omics reveals functional genomic and metabolic mechanisms of milk production and quality in dairy cows. Bioinformatics. 2020 Apr 15;36(8):2530-2537. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz951. 31873721 Liver 8 multiparous Chinese Holstein dairy cows fed in the Hangzhou Hangjiang Dairy Farm based on the milk production under alfalfa hay based diets. Detection used gas chromatography time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS) platform. Sun HZ, Zhou M, Wang O, Chen Y, Liu JX, Guan LL: Multi-omics reveals functional genomic and metabolic mechanisms of milk production and quality in dairy cows. Bioinformatics. 2020 Apr 15;36(8):2530-2537. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz951. 31873721 Liver 1321 +/- 464 nmol/g of tissue By LC-MS/MS & NMR Aidin Foroutan, Carolyn Fitzsimmons, Rupasri Mandal, Hamed Piri‐Moghadam, Jiamin Zheng, AnChi Guo, Carin Li, Le Luo Guan and David S. Wishart. The Bovine Metabolome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 233; doi:10.3390/metabo10060233 Liver Metabolomics analysis was performed using GC-MS/LC-MS in multiparous Holstein dairy cows Shahzad K, Lopreiato V, Liang Y, Trevisi E, Osorio JS, Xu C, Loor JJ: Hepatic metabolomics and transcriptomics to study susceptibility to ketosis in response to prepartal nutritional management. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2019 Dec 18;10:96. doi: 10.1186/s40104-019-0404-z. eCollection 2019. 31867104 Longissimus Thoracis Muscle 4672 +/- 438 nmol/g of tissue By LC-MS/MS & NMR Aidin Foroutan, Carolyn Fitzsimmons, Rupasri Mandal, Hamed Piri‐Moghadam, Jiamin Zheng, AnChi Guo, Carin Li, Le Luo Guan and David S. Wishart. The Bovine Metabolome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 233; doi:10.3390/metabo10060233 Mammary Gland 8 multiparous Chinese Holstein dairy cows fed in the Hangzhou Hangjiang Dairy Farm based on the milk production under corn stover based diets. Detection used gas chromatography time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS) platform. Sun HZ, Zhou M, Wang O, Chen Y, Liu JX, Guan LL: Multi-omics reveals functional genomic and metabolic mechanisms of milk production and quality in dairy cows. Bioinformatics. 2020 Apr 15;36(8):2530-2537. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz951. 31873721 Mammary Gland 8 multiparous Chinese Holstein dairy cows fed in the Hangzhou Hangjiang Dairy Farm based on the milk production under alfalfa hay based diets. Detection used gas chromatography time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS) platform. Sun HZ, Zhou M, Wang O, Chen Y, Liu JX, Guan LL: Multi-omics reveals functional genomic and metabolic mechanisms of milk production and quality in dairy cows. Bioinformatics. 2020 Apr 15;36(8):2530-2537. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz951. 31873721 Milk 491 +/- 40 uM 1% milk by NMR Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 537 +/- 30 uM 2% milk by NMR Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 534 +/- 16 uM 3.25% milk by NMR Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 510 +/- 42 uM Skim milk by NMR Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 432.95 +/- 84.67 uM Raw milk metabolite measured during mid-lactation from cows fed diets consisting of perennial ryegrass (GRS), by 1H-NMR O'Callaghan TF, Vazquez-Fresno R, Serra-Cayuela A, Dong E, Mandal R, Hennessy D, McAuliffe S, Dillon P, Wishart DS, Stanton C, Ross RP: Pasture Feeding Changes the Bovine Rumen and Milk Metabolome. Metabolites. 2018 Apr 6;8(2). pii: metabo8020027. doi: 10.3390/metabo8020027. 29642378 Milk 427.70 +/- 115.63 uM Raw milk metabolite measured during mid-lactation from cows fed diets consisting of perennial ryegrass and white clover (CLV), by 1H-NMR O'Callaghan TF, Vazquez-Fresno R, Serra-Cayuela A, Dong E, Mandal R, Hennessy D, McAuliffe S, Dillon P, Wishart DS, Stanton C, Ross RP: Pasture Feeding Changes the Bovine Rumen and Milk Metabolome. Metabolites. 2018 Apr 6;8(2). pii: metabo8020027. doi: 10.3390/metabo8020027. 29642378 Milk Milk samples collected from 16 multiparous Holstein cows Sun HZ, Wang DM, Wang B, Wang JK, Liu HY, Guan le L, Liu JX: Metabolomics of four biofluids from dairy cows: potential biomarkers for milk production and quality. J Proteome Res. 2015 Feb 6;14(2):1287-98. doi: 10.1021/pr501305g. Epub 2015 Jan 28. 25599412 Milk Milk samples from Danish Holstein-Friesian (n = 456) and Jersey cows (n = 436) Sundekilde UK, Poulsen NA, Larsen LB, Bertram HC: Nuclear magnetic resonance metabonomics reveals strong association between milk metabolites and somatic cell count in bovine milk. J Dairy Sci. 2013 Jan;96(1):290-9. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5819. Epub 2012 Nov 22. 23182357 Milk 436.42 +/- 79.99 uM Raw milk metabolite measured during mid-lactation from cows fed diets consisting of total mixed ration (TMR), by 1H-NMR O'Callaghan TF, Vazquez-Fresno R, Serra-Cayuela A, Dong E, Mandal R, Hennessy D, McAuliffe S, Dillon P, Wishart DS, Stanton C, Ross RP: Pasture Feeding Changes the Bovine Rumen and Milk Metabolome. Metabolites. 2018 Apr 6;8(2). pii: metabo8020027. doi: 10.3390/metabo8020027. 29642378 Muscle 10147.92 +/- 171.42 uM Detected by NMR in New Zealand commercial beef sirloin. Jung Y, Lee J, Kwon J, Lee KS, Ryu DH, Hwang GS: Discrimination of the geographical origin of beef by (1)H NMR-based metabolomics. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Oct 13;58(19):10458-66. doi: 10.1021/jf102194t. 20831251 Muscle Detected by NMR Zanardi E, Caligiani A, Palla L, Mariani M, Ghidini S, Di Ciccio PA, Palla G, Ianieri A: Metabolic profiling by (1)H NMR of ground beef irradiated at different irradiation doses. Meat Sci. 2015 May;103:83-9. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.01.005. Epub 2015 Jan 15. 25637742 Muscle 6100 +/- 2670 nmol/g of tissue Detected by NMR in beef muscle (longissimus dorsi) matured for 14 days. S. F. Graham, T. Kennedy, O. Chevallier, A. Gordon, L. Farmer, C. Elliott, B. Moss. The application of NMR to study changes in polar metabolite concentrations in beef longissimus dorsi stored for different periods post mortem. Metabolomics (2010) 6:395-404 doi: 10.1007/s11306-010-0206-y Muscle 91980 +/- 5880 nmol/g of tissue Detected by NMR in beef muscle (longissimus dorsi) matured for 21 days. S. F. Graham, T. Kennedy, O. Chevallier, A. Gordon, L. Farmer, C. Elliott, B. Moss. The application of NMR to study changes in polar metabolite concentrations in beef longissimus dorsi stored for different periods post mortem. Metabolomics (2010) 6:395-404 doi: 10.1007/s11306-010-0206-y Muscle 86620 +/- 4690 nmol/g of tissue Detected by NMR in beef muscle (longissimus dorsi) matured for 3 days. S. F. Graham, T. Kennedy, O. Chevallier, A. Gordon, L. Farmer, C. Elliott, B. Moss. The application of NMR to study changes in polar metabolite concentrations in beef longissimus dorsi stored for different periods post mortem. Metabolomics (2010) 6:395-404 doi: 10.1007/s11306-010-0206-y Muscle 83850 +/- 4340 nmol/g of tissue Detected by NMR in beef muscle (longissimus dorsi) matured for 7 days. S. F. Graham, T. Kennedy, O. Chevallier, A. Gordon, L. Farmer, C. Elliott, B. Moss. The application of NMR to study changes in polar metabolite concentrations in beef longissimus dorsi stored for different periods post mortem. Metabolomics (2010) 6:395-404 doi: 10.1007/s11306-010-0206-y Muscle Detected by NMR in beef muscle (longissimus dorsi). S. F. Graham, T. Kennedy, O. Chevallier, A. Gordon, L. Farmer, C. Elliott, B. Moss. The application of NMR to study changes in polar metabolite concentrations in beef longissimus dorsi stored for different periods post mortem. Metabolomics (2010) 6:395-404 doi: 10.1007/s11306-010-0206-y Muscle 7262-10319 nmol/g of tissue By NMR Jung Y, Lee J, Kwon J, Lee KS, Ryu DH, Hwang GS: Discrimination of the geographical origin of beef by (1)H NMR-based metabolomics. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Oct 13;58(19):10458-66. doi: 10.1021/jf102194t. 20831251 Muscle 21000 nmol/g of tissue By NMR Kim YH, Kemp R, Samuelsson LM: Effects of dry-aging on meat quality attributes and metabolite profiles of beef loins. Meat Sci. 2016 Jan;111:168-76. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.09.008. Epub 2015 Sep 26. 26437054 Muscle 7752.34 +/- 490.5 uM Detected by NMR in Korean commercial beef sirloin. Jung Y, Lee J, Kwon J, Lee KS, Ryu DH, Hwang GS: Discrimination of the geographical origin of beef by (1)H NMR-based metabolomics. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Oct 13;58(19):10458-66. doi: 10.1021/jf102194t. 20831251 Muscle 8768.14 +/- 196.21 uM Detected by NMR in US commercial beef sirloin Jung Y, Lee J, Kwon J, Lee KS, Ryu DH, Hwang GS: Discrimination of the geographical origin of beef by (1)H NMR-based metabolomics. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Oct 13;58(19):10458-66. doi: 10.1021/jf102194t. 20831251 Muscle 8769.99 +/- 413.59 uM Detected by NMR in Australian commercial beef sirloin. Jung Y, Lee J, Kwon J, Lee KS, Ryu DH, Hwang GS: Discrimination of the geographical origin of beef by (1)H NMR-based metabolomics. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Oct 13;58(19):10458-66. doi: 10.1021/jf102194t. 20831251 Muscle 1040-1520 nmol/g of tissue By NMR Kodani Y, Miyakawa T, Komatsu T, Tanokura M: NMR-based metabolomics for simultaneously evaluating multiple determinants of primary beef quality in Japanese Black cattle. Sci Rep. 2017 May 2;7(1):1297. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01272-8. 28465593 Muscle 19488-27111 nmol/g of tissue By CE-TOFMS Muroya S, Oe M, Ojima K, Watanabe A: Metabolomic approach to key metabolites characterizing postmortem aged loin muscle of Japanese Black (Wagyu) cattle. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2019 Aug;32(8):1172-1185. doi: 10.5713/ajas.18.0648. Epub 2019 Jan 4. 30744349 Neuron Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Placenta Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Platelet Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Prostate Tissue Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Ruminal Fluid 2-15 uM By NMR O'Callaghan TF, Vazquez-Fresno R, Serra-Cayuela A, Dong E, Mandal R, Hennessy D, McAuliffe S, Dillon P, Wishart DS, Stanton C, Ross RP: Pasture Feeding Changes the Bovine Rumen and Milk Metabolome. Metabolites. 2018 Apr 6;8(2). pii: metabo8020027. doi: 10.3390/metabo8020027. 29642378 Ruminal Fluid 3 +/- 4 uM By LC-MS/MS & NMR Aidin Foroutan, Carolyn Fitzsimmons, Rupasri Mandal, Hamed Piri‐Moghadam, Jiamin Zheng, AnChi Guo, Carin Li, Le Luo Guan and David S. Wishart. The Bovine Metabolome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 233; doi:10.3390/metabo10060233 Ruminal Fluid Detected by NMR in male Holstein cows. Hanne Christine Bertram, Niels Bastian Kristensen, Mogens Vestergaard, Søren Krogh Jensen, Jakob Sehested, Niels Christian Nielsen, Anders Malmendal. Metabolic characterization of rumen epithelial tissue from dairy calves fed different starter diets using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Livestock Science (2008) 120:127-134 doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2008.05.001 Semimembranosus Muscle 4755 +/- 306 nmol/g of tissue By LC-MS/MS & NMR Aidin Foroutan, Carolyn Fitzsimmons, Rupasri Mandal, Hamed Piri‐Moghadam, Jiamin Zheng, AnChi Guo, Carin Li, Le Luo Guan and David S. Wishart. The Bovine Metabolome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 233; doi:10.3390/metabo10060233 Spleen Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Testis 7553 +/- 1850 nmol/g of tissue By LC-MS/MS & NMR Aidin Foroutan, Carolyn Fitzsimmons, Rupasri Mandal, Hamed Piri‐Moghadam, Jiamin Zheng, AnChi Guo, Carin Li, Le Luo Guan and David S. Wishart. The Bovine Metabolome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 233; doi:10.3390/metabo10060233 C00300 DB00148 566 FDB005403 16919 586 CREATINE Creatine 34543 7 Thalhammer, Franz; Gastner, Thomas. Preparation of creatine, creatine monohydrate and guanidinoacetic acid. Ger. Offen. (2007), 5pp. Sundekilde UK, Poulsen NA, Larsen LB, Bertram HC: Nuclear magnetic resonance metabonomics reveals strong association between milk metabolites and somatic cell count in bovine milk. J Dairy Sci. 2013 Jan;96(1):290-9. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5819. Epub 2012 Nov 22. 23182357 Sun HZ, Wang DM, Wang B, Wang JK, Liu HY, Guan le L, Liu JX: Metabolomics of four biofluids from dairy cows: potential biomarkers for milk production and quality. J Proteome Res. 2015 Feb 6;14(2):1287-98. doi: 10.1021/pr501305g. Epub 2015 Jan 28. 25599412 O'Callaghan TF, Vazquez-Fresno R, Serra-Cayuela A, Dong E, Mandal R, Hennessy D, McAuliffe S, Dillon P, Wishart DS, Stanton C, Ross RP: Pasture Feeding Changes the Bovine Rumen and Milk Metabolome. Metabolites. 2018 Apr 6;8(2). pii: metabo8020027. doi: 10.3390/metabo8020027. 29642378 A. Foroutan et al. The Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk (in preparation) BMDBP00255 Creatine kinase S-type, mitochondrial Q3ZBP1 CKMT2 Enzyme BMDBP00256 Creatine kinase B-type Q5EA61 CKB Enzyme BMDBP00257 Creatine kinase U-type, mitochondrial Q9TTK8 CKMT1 Enzyme BMDBP00258 Creatine kinase M-type Q9XSC6 CKM Enzyme BMDBP00412 Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase Q2TBQ3 GAMT Enzyme BMDBP01895 DNA-binding protein inhibitor ID-3 Q5E981 ID3 Enzyme BMDBP01896 Sodium- and chloride-dependent creatine transporter 1 O18875 SLC6A8 Enzyme