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Record Information
Version1.0
Creation Date2016-09-30 22:20:01 UTC
Update Date2020-06-04 20:50:59 UTC
BMDB IDBMDB0000134
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • BMDB00134
Metabolite Identification
Common NameFumaric acid
DescriptionFumaric acid, also known as fumarate or E297, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dicarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups. Fumaric acid exists as a solid, possibly soluble (in water), and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa) molecule. Fumaric acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Fumaric acid is a potentially toxic compound.
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
ValueSource
(2E)-2-Butenedioic acidChEBI
(e)-2-Butenedioic acidChEBI
e297ChEBI
FumarsaeureChEBI
trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acidChEBI
trans-But-2-enedioic acidChEBI
trans-Butenedioic acidChEBI
(2E)-2-ButenedioateGenerator
(e)-2-ButenedioateGenerator
trans-1,2-EthylenedicarboxylateGenerator
trans-But-2-enedioateGenerator
trans-ButenedioateGenerator
FumarateGenerator
(2E)-But-2-enedioateHMDB
(2E)-But-2-enedioic acidHMDB
2-(e)-ButenedioateHMDB
2-(e)-Butenedioic acidHMDB
AllomaleateHMDB
Allomaleic acidHMDB
BoletateHMDB
Boletic acidHMDB
FC 33HMDB
LichenateHMDB
Lichenic acidHMDB
trans-2-ButenedioateHMDB
trans-2-Butenedioic acidHMDB
FuramagHMDB
MafusolHMDB
Fumaric acidHMDB
Chemical FormulaC4H4O4
Average Molecular Weight116.0722
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight116.010958616
IUPAC NameNot Available
Traditional NameNot Available
CAS Registry Number110-17-8
SMILESNot Available
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C4H4O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)/b2-1+
InChI KeyVZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dicarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic acids and derivatives
ClassCarboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub ClassDicarboxylic acids and derivatives
Direct ParentDicarboxylic acids and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Fatty acyl
  • Fatty acid
  • Unsaturated fatty acid
  • Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
StatusDetected and Quantified
Origin
  • Endogenous
  • Exogenous
BiofunctionNot Available
ApplicationNot Available
Cellular locations
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Membrane
  • Mitochondria
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point549 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility7.0 mg/mLNot Available
LogP0.46HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
Predicted PropertiesNot Available
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash Key
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Membrane
  • Mitochondria
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Colostrum
  • Liver
  • Longissimus Thoracis Muscle
  • Mammary Gland
  • Milk
  • Muscle
  • Placenta
  • Prostate Tissue
  • Ruminal Fluid
  • Semen
  • Semimembranosus Muscle
  • Testis
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNormal
    • Jiyuan Li, Everes...
details
BloodDetected and Quantified1.2 +/- 0.2 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
    • Aidin Foroutan, C...
details
ColostrumDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
LiverDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
LiverDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
LiverDetected and Quantified299 +/- 55 nmol/g of tissueNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
    • Aidin Foroutan, C...
details
LiverDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
Longissimus Thoracis MuscleDetected and Quantified141 +/- 64 nmol/g of tissueNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
    • Aidin Foroutan, C...
details
Mammary GlandDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
Mammary GlandDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
MilkDetected and Quantified11.63 +/- 3.65 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
MilkDetected and Quantified2 - 81 uMNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNormal details
MilkDetected and Quantified7 - 23 uMNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNormal details
MilkDetected and Quantified10 - 23 uMNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNormal details
MilkDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
    • Kurt J. Boudonck,...
details
MilkDetected and Quantified13 +/- 1 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
MilkDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
    • Kurt J. Boudonck,...
details
MilkDetected and Quantified13 +/- 1 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
MilkDetected and Quantified13 +/- 1 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
MilkDetected and Quantified14 +/- 1 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
MilkDetected and Quantified11.20 +/- 4.36 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
MilkDetected and Quantified12.54 +/- 2.98 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
MilkDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
MilkDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
MilkDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
MilkDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
MilkDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
MuscleDetected and Quantified36-208 nmol/g of tissueNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
MuscleDetected and Quantified107.37 +/- 14.42 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
MuscleDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
MuscleDetected and Quantified123.02 +/- 19.31 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
MuscleDetected and Quantified160.89 +/- 17.1 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
MuscleDetected and Quantified73-178 nmol/g of tissueNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
MuscleDetected and Quantified140 nmol/g of tissueNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
MuscleDetected and Quantified84.76 +/- 11.89 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
MuscleDetected and Quantified37-49 nmol/g of tissueNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
PlacentaExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNormal
  • Not Applicable
details
Prostate TissueExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNormal
  • Not Applicable
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified19-315 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified5.82 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
    • Burim NA, Qendrim...
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified1.42 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
    • Burim NA, Qendrim...
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified6.44 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
    • Burim NA, Qendrim...
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified1.64 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
    • Burim NA, Qendrim...
details
Ruminal FluidDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
Ruminal FluidDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
Ruminal FluidDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified18 +/- 7 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
    • Aidin Foroutan, C...
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified8.75 +/- 3.84 uMNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNormal
    • Fozia Saleem, Sou...
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified11.2 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified11.2 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified7.5 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified7.5 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified11.7 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified11.7 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified8.8 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified8.8 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified11 +/- 4 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
    • Fozia Saleem, Sou...
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified8 +/- 2 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
    • Fozia Saleem, Sou...
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified12 +/- 4 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
    • Fozia Saleem, Sou...
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified9 +/- 4 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
    • Fozia Saleem, Sou...
details
SemenDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
Semimembranosus MuscleDetected and Quantified220 +/- 76 nmol/g of tissueNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
    • Aidin Foroutan, C...
details
TestisDetected and Quantified27 +/- 8 nmol/g of tissueNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
    • Aidin Foroutan, C...
details
Abnormal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified11.66 +/- 3.43 uMNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedRumen acidosis
    • Fozia Saleem, Sou...
details
HMDB IDHMDB0000134
DrugBank IDDB01677
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB003291
KNApSAcK IDC00001183
Chemspider ID10197150
KEGG Compound IDC00122
BioCyc IDFUM
BiGG ID33938
Wikipedia LinkFumaric_Acid
METLIN ID3242
PubChem Compound444972
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID18012
References
Synthesis ReferenceDong, Changsheng; Ma, Xinming. Method for preparation of fumaric acid from the tail gas acid spray solution from oxidation of phthalic anhydride. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu (2007), 5pp.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Klein MS, Almstetter MF, Schlamberger G, Nurnberger N, Dettmer K, Oefner PJ, Meyer HH, Wiedemann S, Gronwald W: Nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry-based milk metabolomics in dairy cows during early and late lactation. J Dairy Sci. 2010 Apr;93(4):1539-50. doi: 10.3168/jds.2009-2563. [PubMed:20338431 ]
  2. Klein MS, Buttchereit N, Miemczyk SP, Immervoll AK, Louis C, Wiedemann S, Junge W, Thaller G, Oefner PJ, Gronwald W: NMR metabolomic analysis of dairy cows reveals milk glycerophosphocholine to phosphocholine ratio as prognostic biomarker for risk of ketosis. J Proteome Res. 2012 Feb 3;11(2):1373-81. doi: 10.1021/pr201017n. Epub 2011 Dec 9. [PubMed:22098372 ]
  3. Sundekilde UK, Poulsen NA, Larsen LB, Bertram HC: Nuclear magnetic resonance metabonomics reveals strong association between milk metabolites and somatic cell count in bovine milk. J Dairy Sci. 2013 Jan;96(1):290-9. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5819. Epub 2012 Nov 22. [PubMed:23182357 ]
  4. Sundekilde UK, Gustavsson F, Poulsen NA, Glantz M, Paulsson M, Larsen LB, Bertram HC: Association between the bovine milk metabolome and rennet-induced coagulation properties of milk. J Dairy Sci. 2014 Oct;97(10):6076-84. doi: 10.3168/jds.2014-8304. Epub 2014 Jul 30. [PubMed:25087032 ]
  5. Buitenhuis AJ, Sundekilde UK, Poulsen NA, Bertram HC, Larsen LB, Sorensen P: Estimation of genetic parameters and detection of quantitative trait loci for metabolites in Danish Holstein milk. J Dairy Sci. 2013 May;96(5):3285-95. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5914. Epub 2013 Mar 15. [PubMed:23497994 ]
  6. Scano P, Murgia A, Pirisi FM, Caboni P: A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomic approach for the characterization of goat milk compared with cow milk. J Dairy Sci. 2014 Oct;97(10):6057-66. doi: 10.3168/jds.2014-8247. Epub 2014 Aug 6. [PubMed:25108860 ]
  7. Maher AD, Hayes B, Cocks B, Marett L, Wales WJ, Rochfort SJ: Latent biochemical relationships in the blood-milk metabolic axis of dairy cows revealed by statistical integration of 1H NMR spectroscopic data. J Proteome Res. 2013 Mar 1;12(3):1428-35. doi: 10.1021/pr301056q. Epub 2013 Feb 21. [PubMed:23394630 ]
  8. O'Callaghan TF, Vazquez-Fresno R, Serra-Cayuela A, Dong E, Mandal R, Hennessy D, McAuliffe S, Dillon P, Wishart DS, Stanton C, Ross RP: Pasture Feeding Changes the Bovine Rumen and Milk Metabolome. Metabolites. 2018 Apr 6;8(2). pii: metabo8020027. doi: 10.3390/metabo8020027. [PubMed:29642378 ]
  9. Kurt J. Boudonck, Matthew W. Mitchell, Jacob Wulff and John A. Ryals (2009). Kurt J. Boudonck, Matthew W. Mitchell, Jacob Wulff and John A. Ryals. Characterization of the biochemical variability of bovine milk using metabolomics. Metabolomics (2009) 5:375?386. Metabolomics.
  10. A. Foroutan et al. (2019). A. Foroutan et al. The Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk (in preparation). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.

Enzymes

General function:
Amino acid transport and metabolism
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
ASL
Uniprot ID:
Q3SZJ0
Molecular weight:
52743.0
Reactions
2 Argininosuccinic acid → Fumaric acid + L-Argininedetails
General function:
Secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
FAH
Uniprot ID:
A5PKH3
Molecular weight:
46156.0
Reactions
4-Fumarylacetoacetic acid + Water → Acetoacetic acid + Fumaric aciddetails
General function:
Nucleotide transport and metabolism
Specific function:
Catalyzes two non-sequential steps in de novo AMP synthesis: converts (S)-2-(5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido)succinate (SAICAR) to fumarate plus 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide, and thereby also contributes to de novo IMP synthesis, and converts succinyladenosine monophosphate (SAMP) to AMP and fumarate.
Gene Name:
ADSL
Uniprot ID:
A3KN12
Molecular weight:
55484.0
Reactions
Adenylsuccinic acid → Fumaric acid + Adenosine monophosphatedetails
SAICAR → Fumaric acid + AICARdetails
General function:
Not Available
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
FH
Uniprot ID:
Q148D3
Molecular weight:
54691.0
Reactions
L-Malic acid → Fumaric acid + Waterdetails