Showing metabocard for L-Carnitine (BMDB0000062)

IdentificationTaxonomyPhysical propertiesPathwaysSpectraConcentrationsLinksReferencesenzymes (5) Show 5 proteinsXML
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Record Information
Version1.0
Creation Date2016-09-30 22:19:09 UTC
Update Date2020-06-04 21:20:41 UTC
BMDB IDBMDB0000062
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • BMDB00062
Metabolite Identification
Common NameL-Carnitine
DescriptionL-Carnitine, also known as carnitine d-form, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carnitines. These are organic compounds containing the quaternary ammonium compound carnitine. L-Carnitine is possibly soluble (in water) and an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). L-Carnitine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions, within cattle. In particular, Propionyl-CoA and L-carnitine can be converted into propionylcarnitine through its interaction with the enzyme carnitine O-acetyltransferase. In addition, Acetyl-CoA and L-carnitine can be converted into L-acetylcarnitine through its interaction with the enzyme carnitine O-acetyltransferase. In cattle, L-carnitine is involved in the metabolic pathway called the oxidation OF branched-chain fatty acids pathway.
Structure
Thumb
MOLSDF3D-SDFPDBSMILESInChI View 3D Structure
Synonyms
Chemical FormulaC7H15NO3
Average Molecular Weight161.1989
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight161.105193351
IUPAC Name(3R)-3-hydroxy-4-(trimethylazaniumyl)butanoate
Traditional NameL-carnitine
CAS Registry Number541-14-0
SMILES
C[N+](C)(C)C[C@H](O)CC([O-])=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C7H15NO3/c1-8(2,3)5-6(9)4-7(10)11/h6,9H,4-5H2,1-3H3/t6-/m1/s1
InChI KeyPHIQHXFUZVPYII-ZCFIWIBFSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carnitines. These are organic compounds containing the quaternary ammonium compound carnitine.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic nitrogen compounds
ClassOrganonitrogen compounds
Sub ClassQuaternary ammonium salts
Direct ParentCarnitines
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Carnitine
  • Beta-hydroxy acid
  • Short-chain hydroxy acid
  • Fatty acid
  • Hydroxy acid
  • Tetraalkylammonium salt
  • 1,2-aminoalcohol
  • Carboxylic acid salt
  • Secondary alcohol
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organic zwitterion
  • Organic salt
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Carbonyl group
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Amine
  • Alcohol
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
StatusDetected and Quantified
Origin
  • Endogenous
BiofunctionNot Available
ApplicationNot Available
Cellular locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Mitochondria
  • Peroxisome
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
logP-2.9ALOGPS
logP-4.9ChemAxon
logS-1.6ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)4.2ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-3.6ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area60.36 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count4ChemAxon
Refractivity63.49 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability16.93 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash Key
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-00di-9100000000-1b25dacb04c3ed5be8d0View in MoNA
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-00di-9100000000-c15eaa190d1e28a4839aView in MoNA
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_2_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positivesplash10-03di-0900000000-9b579c570aab7c7d3a21View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positivesplash10-0ik9-0900000000-e37d3def2de1af5bd2f5View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positivesplash10-0ue9-8900000000-cf37f0a721cd52d86e8eView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positivesplash10-0r0c-9200000000-a11a4872036f3c33d25aView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positivesplash10-0a4l-9000000000-2402e260a330ff1772a1View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-IT , positivesplash10-0w29-6900000000-d0136248acdd706e650bView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positivesplash10-0ik9-2900000000-61732bb10307f2b183caView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positivesplash10-0zg0-9400000000-15c3db3324f1d46d3c7cView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positivesplash10-0ik9-2900000000-ee79f10dce9fc09246ecView in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-01ox-0900000000-3bffd5143cf8b072299eView in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-00kf-0900000000-e68f553bcb15d3ef5b47View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-00di-9200000000-c5b43723951af6da48cfView in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-03di-1900000000-dd1b1a023937cdcb11afView in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-114i-3900000000-9f24d3bc535736149e2aView in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-0a4l-9000000000-632ef17d9dde38586990View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-03di-3900000000-97af6636a917c0edea61View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-01pc-9300000000-543e21cb6b9785149e31View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-08fr-9000000000-9128d6fe96d9c7276695View in MoNA
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, D2O, experimental)Not AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Mitochondria
  • Peroxisome
Biospecimen Locations
  • Adipose Tissue
  • Bladder
  • Blood
  • Brain
  • Colostrum
  • Erythrocyte
  • Fibroblasts
  • Heart
  • Intestine
  • Kidney
  • Liver
  • Longissimus Thoracis Muscle
  • Lung
  • Mammary Gland
  • Milk
  • Muscle
  • Neuron
  • Placenta
  • Platelet
  • Prostate Tissue
  • Ruminal Fluid
  • Semimembranosus Muscle
  • Testis
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
Abnormal Concentrations
HMDB IDHMDB0000062
DrugBank IDDB00583
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB000571
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID2006614
KEGG Compound IDC00318
BioCyc IDCARNITINE
BiGG ID34600
Wikipedia LinkCarnitine
METLIN ID52
PubChem Compound10917
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID16347
References
Synthesis Reference Bols, Mikael; Lundt, Inge; Pedersen, Christian. Simple synthesis of (R)-carnitine from D-galactono-1,4-lactone. Tetrahedron (1992), 48(2), 319-24.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Klein MS, Almstetter MF, Schlamberger G, Nurnberger N, Dettmer K, Oefner PJ, Meyer HH, Wiedemann S, Gronwald W: Nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry-based milk metabolomics in dairy cows during early and late lactation. J Dairy Sci. 2010 Apr;93(4):1539-50. doi: 10.3168/jds.2009-2563. [PubMed:20338431 ]
  2. Sundekilde UK, Gustavsson F, Poulsen NA, Glantz M, Paulsson M, Larsen LB, Bertram HC: Association between the bovine milk metabolome and rennet-induced coagulation properties of milk. J Dairy Sci. 2014 Oct;97(10):6076-84. doi: 10.3168/jds.2014-8304. Epub 2014 Jul 30. [PubMed:25087032 ]
  3. Buitenhuis AJ, Sundekilde UK, Poulsen NA, Bertram HC, Larsen LB, Sorensen P: Estimation of genetic parameters and detection of quantitative trait loci for metabolites in Danish Holstein milk. J Dairy Sci. 2013 May;96(5):3285-95. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5914. Epub 2013 Mar 15. [PubMed:23497994 ]
  4. Lu J, Antunes Fernandes E, Paez Cano AE, Vinitwatanakhun J, Boeren S, van Hooijdonk T, van Knegsel A, Vervoort J, Hettinga KA: Changes in milk proteome and metabolome associated with dry period length, energy balance, and lactation stage in postparturient dairy cows. J Proteome Res. 2013 Jul 5;12(7):3288-96. doi: 10.1021/pr4001306. Epub 2013 Jun 5. [PubMed:23738862 ]
  5. O'Callaghan TF, Vazquez-Fresno R, Serra-Cayuela A, Dong E, Mandal R, Hennessy D, McAuliffe S, Dillon P, Wishart DS, Stanton C, Ross RP: Pasture Feeding Changes the Bovine Rumen and Milk Metabolome. Metabolites. 2018 Apr 6;8(2). pii: metabo8020027. doi: 10.3390/metabo8020027. [PubMed:29642378 ]
  6. Kurt J. Boudonck, Matthew W. Mitchell, Jacob Wulff and John A. Ryals (2009). Kurt J. Boudonck, Matthew W. Mitchell, Jacob Wulff and John A. Ryals. Characterization of the biochemical variability of bovine milk using metabolomics. Metabolomics (2009) 5:375?386. Metabolomics.
  7. A. Foroutan et al. (2019). A. Foroutan et al. The Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk (in preparation). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.

Enzymes

Enzyme Details
1. Peroxisomal carnitine O-octanoyltransferase
General function:
Involved in carnitine O-octanoyltransferase activity
Specific function:
Beta-oxidation of fatty acids. The highest activity concerns the C6 to C10 chain length substrate.
Gene Name:
CROT
Uniprot ID:
O19094
Molecular weight:
70263.0
Reactions
Acetyl-CoA + L-Carnitine → L-Acetylcarnitine + Coenzyme Adetails
L-Acetylcarnitine + L-Carnitine → Acetyl-CoA + Coenzyme Adetails
Enzyme Details
2. Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, muscle isoform
General function:
Involved in carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase activity
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
CPT1B
Uniprot ID:
Q58DK1
Molecular weight:
88512.0
Reactions
Palmityl-CoA + L-Carnitine → L-Palmitoylcarnitine + Coenzyme Adetails
Stearoyl-CoA + L-Carnitine → Stearoylcarnitine + Coenzyme Adetails
Enzyme Details
3. Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial
General function:
Involved in carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase activity
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
CPT2
Uniprot ID:
Q2KJB7
Molecular weight:
74483.0
Reactions
4,8-Dimethylnonanoyl-CoA + L-Carnitine → 4,8 dimethylnonanoyl carnitine + Coenzyme Adetails
Dodecanoic acid + Coenzyme A → Lauroyl-CoA + L-Carnitinedetails
Palmityl-CoA + L-Carnitine → L-Palmitoylcarnitine + Coenzyme Adetails
Stearoyl-CoA + L-Carnitine → Stearoylcarnitine + Coenzyme Adetails
Enzyme Details
4. Trimethyllysine dioxygenase, mitochondrial
General function:
Secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism
Specific function:
Converts trimethyllysine (TML) into hydroxytrimethyllysine (HTML).
Gene Name:
TMLHE
Uniprot ID:
Q0VC74
Molecular weight:
49837.0
Reactions
3-Dehydroxycarnitine + Oxoglutaric acid + Oxygen → L-Carnitine + Succinic acid + Carbon dioxidedetails
Enzyme Details
5. Solute carrier family 22 member 16
General function:
Carbohydrate transport and metabolism
Specific function:
High affinity carnitine transporter; the uptake is partially sodium-ion dependent. Thought to mediate the L-carnitine secretion mechanism from testis epididymal epithelium into the lumen which is involved in the maturation of spermatozoa. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) and doxorubicin. The uptake of TEA is inhibited by various organic cations. The uptake of doxorubicin is sodium-independent (By similarity).
Gene Name:
SLC22A16
Uniprot ID:
Q17QN9
Molecular weight:
64355.0