Showing metabocard for Guanine (BMDB0000132)

General function:

Nucleotide transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Catalyzes a salvage reaction resulting in the formation of AMP, that is energically less costly than de novo synthesis.

Gene Name:

APRT

Uniprot ID:

Q56JW4

Molecular weight:

19537.0

Reactions

General function:

Nucleotide transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Converts guanine to guanosine monophosphate, and hypoxanthine to inosine monophosphate. Transfers the 5-phosphoribosyl group from 5-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate onto the purine. Plays a central role in the generation of purine nucleotides through the purine salvage pathway (By similarity).

Gene Name:

HPRT1

Uniprot ID:

Q3SZ18

Molecular weight:

24498.0

Reactions

General function:

Nucleotide transport and metabolism

Specific function:

The purine nucleoside phosphorylases catalyze the phosphorolytic breakdown of the N-glycosidic bond in the beta-(deoxy)ribonucleoside molecules, with the formation of the corresponding free purine bases and pentose-1-phosphate.

Gene Name:

PNP

Uniprot ID:

P55859

Molecular weight:

32037.0

Reactions

General function:

Involved in acyl binding

Specific function:

Functions as signal transducer for the rod photoreceptor RHO (PubMed:21285355, PubMed:23303210, PubMed:28655769, PubMed:8259210). Required for normal RHO-mediated light perception by the retina (By similarity). Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) function as transducers downstream of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), such as the photoreceptor RHO. The alpha chain contains the guanine nucleotide binding site and alternates between an active, GTP-bound state and an inactive, GDP-bound state (PubMed:21285355, PubMed:28655769, PubMed:8259210, PubMed:8208289, PubMed:7969474). Activated RHO promotes GDP release and GTP binding (PubMed:21285355, PubMed:28655769). Signaling is mediated via downstream effector proteins, such as cGMP-phosphodiesterase (PubMed:21285355).

Gene Name:

GNAT1

Uniprot ID:

P04695

Molecular weight:

39966.0

General function:

Involved in GTP binding

Specific function:

Guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein) alpha subunit playing a prominent role in bitter and sweet taste transduction as well as in umami (monosodium glutamate, monopotassium glutamate, and inosine monophosphate) taste transduction.

Gene Name:

GNAT3

Uniprot ID:

P0C7Q4

Molecular weight:

40332.0

General function:

Involved in signal transducer activity

Specific function:

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction.

Gene Name:

GNG11

Uniprot ID:

Q5E9F0

Molecular weight:

8594.0

General function:

Involved in GTP binding

Specific function:

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. Transducin is an amplifier and one of the transducers of a visual impulse that performs the coupling between rhodopsin and cGMP-phosphodiesterase.

Gene Name:

GNAT2

Uniprot ID:

P04696

Molecular weight:

40144.0

General function:

Involved in GTP binding

Specific function:

GTPase that associates with pre-60S ribosomal subunits in the nucleolus and is required for their nuclear export and maturation.

Gene Name:

GNL2

Uniprot ID:

Q2YDL0

Molecular weight:

83469.0

General function:

Involved in GTP binding

Specific function:

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. Acts as an activator of phospholipase C. Transduces FFAR4 signaling in response to long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs).

Gene Name:

GNA11

Uniprot ID:

P38409

Molecular weight:

42070.0

General function:

Involved in GTP binding

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

GNAI3

Uniprot ID:

Q3ZCA7

Molecular weight:

40536.0

General function:

Involved in GTPase activity

Specific function:

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction.

Gene Name:

GNB2

Uniprot ID:

P11017

Molecular weight:

37331.0

General function:

Involved in GTP binding

Specific function:

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems.

Gene Name:

GNA14

Uniprot ID:

P38408

Molecular weight:

41499.0

General function:

Involved in signal transducer activity

Specific function:

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction.

Gene Name:

GNG12

Uniprot ID:

Q28024

Molecular weight:

8057.0

General function:

Involved in GTP binding

Specific function:

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) function as transducers in numerous signaling pathways controlled by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Signaling involves the activation of adenylyl cyclases, resulting in increased levels of the signaling molecule cAMP (PubMed:2022671, PubMed:9395396, PubMed:11087399, PubMed:15591060, PubMed:16766715, PubMed:19243146). GNAS functions downstream of several GPCRs, including beta-adrenergic receptors. Stimulates the Ras signaling pathway via RAPGEF2 (By similarity).

Gene Name:

GNAS

Uniprot ID:

P04896

Molecular weight:

45709.0

General function:

Involved in GTP binding

Specific function:

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) function as transducers downstream of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in numerous signaling cascades. The alpha chain contains the guanine nucleotide binding site and alternates between an active, GTP-bound state and an inactive, GDP-bound state. Signaling by an activated GPCR promotes GDP release and GTP binding. The alpha subunit has a low GTPase activity that converts bound GTP to GDP, thereby terminating the signal. Both GDP release and GTP hydrolysis are modulated by numerous regulatory proteins (By similarity). Signaling is mediated via effector proteins, such as adenylate cyclase. Inhibits adenylate cyclase activity, leading to decreased intracellular cAMP levels (By similarity). The inactive GDP-bound form prevents the association of RGS14 with centrosomes and is required for the translocation of RGS14 from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane. Required for normal cytokinesis during mitosis (By similarity). Required for cortical dynein-dynactin complex recruitment during metaphase (By similarity).

Gene Name:

GNAI1

Uniprot ID:

P63097

Molecular weight:

40361.0

General function:

Involved in GTP binding

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

Gnas

Uniprot ID:

Q6U8D6

Molecular weight:

23994.0

General function:

Involved in signal transducer activity

Specific function:

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction.

Gene Name:

GNG3

Uniprot ID:

P63214

Molecular weight:

8305.0

General function:

Involved in activation of phospholipase C activity by G

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

GNB1

Uniprot ID:

A7E3V7

Molecular weight:

37030.0

General function:

Involved in GTP binding

Specific function:

Stabilizes TERF1 telomeric association by preventing TERF1 recruitment by PML. Stabilizes TERF1 protein by preventing its ubiquitination and hence proteasomal degradation. Does so by interfering with TERF1-binding to FBXO4 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Required for cell proliferation. By stabilizing TRF1 protein during mitosis, promotes metaphase-to-anaphase transition. Stabilizes MDM2 protein by preventing its ubiquitination, and hence proteasomal degradation. By acting on MDM2, may affect TP53 activity. Required for normal processing of ribosomal pre-rRNA. Binds GTP (By similarity).

Gene Name:

GNL3L

Uniprot ID:

Q3T0J9

Molecular weight:

64837.0

General function:

Involved in signal transducer activity

Specific function:

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction.

Gene Name:

GNGT1

Uniprot ID:

P02698

Molecular weight:

8544.0

General function:

Involved in GTP binding

Specific function:

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. The G(o) protein function is not clear. Stimulated by RGS14 (By similarity).

Gene Name:

GNAO1

Uniprot ID:

P08239

Molecular weight:

40067.0

General function:

Involved in signal transducer activity

Specific function:

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction.

Gene Name:

GNGT2

Uniprot ID:

P50154

Molecular weight:

7728.0

General function:

Involved in signal transducer activity

Specific function:

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction.

Gene Name:

GNG5

Uniprot ID:

P63217

Molecular weight:

7318.0

General function:

Involved in signal transducer activity

Specific function:

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction.

Gene Name:

GNG2

Uniprot ID:

P63212

Molecular weight:

7850.0

General function:

Not Available

Specific function:

Subunit of both mTORC1 and mTORC2, which regulates cell growth and survival in response to nutrient and hormonal signals. mTORC1 is activated in response to growth factors or amino acids. Growth factor-stimulated mTORC1 activation involves a AKT1-mediated phosphorylation of TSC1-TSC2, which leads to the activation of the RHEB GTPase that potently activates the protein kinase activity of mTORC1. Amino acid-signaling to mTORC1 requires its relocalization to the lysosomes mediated by the Ragulator complex and the Rag GTPases. Activated mTORC1 up-regulates protein synthesis by phosphorylating key regulators of mRNA translation and ribosome synthesis. mTORC1 phosphorylates EIF4EBP1 and releases it from inhibiting the elongation initiation factor 4E (eiF4E). mTORC1 phosphorylates and activates S6K1 at 'Thr-389', which then promotes protein synthesis by phosphorylating PDCD4 and targeting it for degradation. Within mTORC1, LST8 interacts directly with MTOR and enhances its kinase activity. In nutrient-poor conditions, stabilizes the MTOR-RPTOR interaction and favors RPTOR-mediated inhibition of MTOR activity. mTORC2 is also activated by growth factors, but seems to be nutrient-insensitive. mTORC2 seems to function upstream of Rho GTPases to regulate the actin cytoskeleton, probably by activating one or more Rho-type guanine nucleotide exchange factors. mTORC2 promotes the serum-induced formation of stress-fibers or F-actin. mTORC2 plays a critical role in AKT1 'Ser-473' phosphorylation, which may facilitate the phosphorylation of the activation loop of AKT1 on 'Thr-308' by PDK1 which is a prerequisite for full activation. mTORC2 regulates the phosphorylation of SGK1 at 'Ser-422'. mTORC2 also modulates the phosphorylation of PRKCA on 'Ser-657' (By similarity).

Gene Name:

MLST8

Uniprot ID:

Q17QU5

Molecular weight:

35920.0

General function:

Involved in guanyl nucleotide binding

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

Not Available

Uniprot ID:

Q4JM29

Molecular weight:

11661.0

General function:

Involved in signal transducer activity

Specific function:

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction.

Gene Name:

GNB1

Uniprot ID:

P62871

Molecular weight:

37377.0

General function:

Involved in GTP binding

Specific function:

GTPase that associates with pre-60S ribosomal subunits in the nucleolus and is required for their nuclear export and maturation.

Gene Name:

GNL2

Uniprot ID:

Q1JP69

Molecular weight:

83483.0

General function:

Involved in signal transducer activity

Specific function:

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction. Plays a role in the regulation of adenylyl cyclase signaling in certain regions of the brain. Plays a role in the formation or stabilzation of a G protein heterotrimer (G(olf) subunit alpha-beta-gamma-7) that is required for adenylyl cyclase activity in the striatum (By similarity).

Gene Name:

GNG7

Uniprot ID:

P30671

Molecular weight:

7552.0

General function:

Not Available

Specific function:

Catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of guanine, producing xanthine and ammonia.

Gene Name:

GDA

Uniprot ID:

F1MLX9

Molecular weight:

51059.0

Reactions