You are using an unsupported browser. Please upgrade your browser to a newer version to get the best experience on Bovine Metabolome Database.
Record Information
Version1.0
Creation Date2016-09-30 22:19:58 UTC
Update Date2020-06-04 21:18:06 UTC
BMDB IDBMDB0000131
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • BMDB00131
Metabolite Identification
Common NameGlycerol
DescriptionGlycerol, also known as glycerin or glycyl alcohol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sugar alcohols. These are hydrogenated forms of carbohydrate in which the carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone, reducing sugar) has been reduced to a primary or secondary hydroxyl group. Glycerol exists as a liquid, possibly soluble (in water), and an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa) molecule. Glycerol exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In cattle, glycerol is involved in the metabolic pathway called phospholipid biosynthesis pathway. Glycerol is a potentially toxic compound.
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
ValueSource
1,2,3-PropanetriolChEBI
1,2,3-TrihydroxypropaneChEBI
GlycerinChEBI
GlycerineChEBI
GlyceritolChEBI
GlycerolumChEBI
Glycyl alcoholChEBI
GlyzerinChEBI
GroChEBI
OelsuessChEBI
PropanetriolChEBI
TrihydroxypropaneChEBI
Concentrated glycerinKegg
Glycerin, concentratedKegg
BulboldHMDB
CristalHMDB
e 422HMDB
Emery 916HMDB
Glyceol opthalganHMDB
GlyrolHMDB
GlysaninHMDB
IFPHMDB
Incorporation factorHMDB
Mackstat H 66HMDB
OsmoglynHMDB
Pricerine 9091HMDB
RG-SHMDB
TryhydroxypropaneHMDB
2,5-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acidHMDB
2-(3,6-DIHYDROXYPHENYL)acetIC ACIDHMDB
2,5-DihydroxyphenylacetateHMDB
2-(3,6-DIHYDROXYPHENYL)acetateHMDB
HomogentisateHMDB
(2,5-Dihydroxyphenyl)-acetateHMDB
(2,5-Dihydroxyphenyl)-acetic acidHMDB
2,5-Dihydroxy-a-toluateHMDB
2,5-Dihydroxy-a-toluic acidHMDB
2,5-Dihydroxy-alpha-toluateHMDB
2,5-Dihydroxy-alpha-toluic acidHMDB
2,5-Dihydroxy-benzeneacetateHMDB
2,5-Dihydroxy-benzeneacetic acidHMDB
AlcaptonHMDB
Homogentisate acidHMDB
HomogentisinateHMDB
Homogentisinic acidHMDB
Melanic acidHMDB
Acid, homogentisicHMDB
GlcAaHMDB
GlcAalphaHMDB
D-GlucuronateHMDB
alpha-D-Glucopyranuronic acidHMDB
alpha-D-Glucuronic acidHMDB
alpha-delta-Glucopyranuronic acidHMDB
alpha-delta-Glucuronic acidHMDB
D-(+)-GlucuronateHMDB
D-(+)-Glucuronic acidHMDB
delta-(+)-GlucuronateHMDB
delta-(+)-Glucuronic acidHMDB
delta-GlucuronateHMDB
GCUHMDB
GlucosiduronateHMDB
Glucosiduronic acidHMDB
GlucuronateHMDB
Glucuronic acidHMDB
(2E)-2-Butenedioic acidHMDB
(e)-2-Butenedioic acidHMDB
e297HMDB
FumarsaeureHMDB
trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acidHMDB
trans-But-2-enedioic acidHMDB
trans-Butenedioic acidHMDB
(2E)-2-ButenedioateHMDB
(e)-2-ButenedioateHMDB
trans-1,2-EthylenedicarboxylateHMDB
trans-But-2-enedioateHMDB
trans-ButenedioateHMDB
FumarateHMDB
(2E)-But-2-enedioateHMDB
(2E)-But-2-enedioic acidHMDB
2-(e)-ButenedioateHMDB
2-(e)-Butenedioic acidHMDB
AllomaleateHMDB
Allomaleic acidHMDB
BoletateHMDB
Boletic acidHMDB
FC 33HMDB
LichenateHMDB
Lichenic acidHMDB
Sodium fumarateHMDB
trans-2-ButenedioateHMDB
trans-2-Butenedioic acidHMDB
FuramagHMDB
Ammonium fumarateHMDB
Magnesium fumarateHMDB
MafusolHMDB
Chemical FormulaC3H8O3
Average Molecular Weight92.0938
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight92.047344122
IUPAC NameNot Available
Traditional NameNot Available
CAS Registry Number56-81-5
SMILESNot Available
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C3H8O3/c4-1-3(6)2-5/h3-6H,1-2H2
InChI KeyPEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sugar alcohols. These are hydrogenated forms of carbohydrate in which the carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone, reducing sugar) has been reduced to a primary or secondary hydroxyl group.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic oxygen compounds
ClassOrganooxygen compounds
Sub ClassCarbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates
Direct ParentSugar alcohols
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Sugar alcohol
  • Secondary alcohol
  • Polyol
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Primary alcohol
  • Alcohol
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
StatusDetected and Quantified
Origin
  • Endogenous
BiofunctionNot Available
ApplicationNot Available
Cellular locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Mitochondria
  • Myelin sheath
Physical Properties
StateLiquid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point20 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility1000.0 mg/mLNot Available
LogP-1.76HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
Predicted PropertiesNot Available
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash Key
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Mitochondria
  • Myelin sheath
Biospecimen Locations
  • Adipose Tissue
  • Bladder
  • Blood
  • Brain
  • Colostrum
  • Epidermis
  • Kidney
  • Liver
  • Longissimus Thoracis Muscle
  • Milk
  • Muscle
  • Neuron
  • Pancreas
  • Placenta
  • Prostate Tissue
  • Ruminal Fluid
  • Semen
  • Semimembranosus Muscle
  • Spleen
  • Testis
  • Thyroid Gland
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
Adipose TissueExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNormal
  • Not Applicable
details
BladderExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNormal
  • Not Applicable
details
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNormal
    • Jiyuan Li, Everes...
details
BloodDetected and Quantified314 +/- 38 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
    • Aidin Foroutan, C...
details
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
    • Trabi M, Keller M...
details
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
BrainExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNormal
  • Not Applicable
details
ColostrumDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
EpidermisExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNormal
  • Not Applicable
details
KidneyExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNormal
  • Not Applicable
details
LiverDetected and Quantified6219 +/- 1151 nmol/g of tissueNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
    • Aidin Foroutan, C...
details
LiverDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
Longissimus Thoracis MuscleDetected and Quantified328 +/- 210 nmol/g of tissueNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
    • Aidin Foroutan, C...
details
MilkDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNormal
    • Kurt J. Boudonck,...
details
MilkDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
MuscleDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
MuscleDetected and Quantified1401.6 +/- 53.77 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
MuscleDetected and Quantified1515.35 +/- 117.81 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
MuscleDetected and Quantified1732.09 +/- 101.1 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
MuscleDetected and Quantified833-1833 nmol/g of tissueNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
MuscleDetected and Quantified2300 nmol/g of tissueNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
MuscleDetected and Quantified903.03 +/- 70.49 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
MuscleDetected and Quantified392-528 nmol/g of tissueNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
NeuronExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNormal
  • Not Applicable
details
PancreasExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNormal
  • Not Applicable
details
PlacentaExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNormal
  • Not Applicable
details
Prostate TissueExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNormal
  • Not Applicable
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified200-310 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified99.1 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
    • Burim NA, Qendrim...
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified148 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
    • Burim NA, Qendrim...
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified170 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
    • Burim NA, Qendrim...
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified93.9 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
    • Burim NA, Qendrim...
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified685 +/- 231 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
    • Aidin Foroutan, C...
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified144.04 +/- 54.94 uMNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNormal
    • Fozia Saleem, Sou...
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified157.7 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified236 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified265.5 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified144 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified158 +/- 11 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
    • Fozia Saleem, Sou...
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified236 +/- 61 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
    • Fozia Saleem, Sou...
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified265 +/- 71 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
    • Fozia Saleem, Sou...
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified144 +/- 55 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
    • Fozia Saleem, Sou...
details
SemenDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
SemenDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
Semimembranosus MuscleDetected and Quantified326 +/- 174 nmol/g of tissueNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
    • Aidin Foroutan, C...
details
SpleenExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNormal
  • Not Applicable
details
TestisDetected and Quantified380 +/- 112 nmol/g of tissueNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
    • Aidin Foroutan, C...
details
Thyroid GlandExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNormal
  • Not Applicable
details
Abnormal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
All Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected
details
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
High dose Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected
details
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Low dose Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected
details
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection
details
Ruminal FluidDetected and Quantified265.46 +/- 68.57 uMNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedRumen acidosis
    • Fozia Saleem, Sou...
details
HMDB IDHMDB0000131
DrugBank IDDB09462
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB000756
KNApSAcK IDC00001163
Chemspider IDNot Available
KEGG Compound IDC00116
BioCyc IDGLYCEROL
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkGlycerol
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound753
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID17754
References
Synthesis ReferenceYang, Yifang. Purification of glycerol. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu (2007), 3pp.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Melzer N, Wittenburg D, Hartwig S, Jakubowski S, Kesting U, Willmitzer L, Lisec J, Reinsch N, Repsilber D: Investigating associations between milk metabolite profiles and milk traits of Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci. 2013 Mar;96(3):1521-34. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5743. [PubMed:23438684 ]
  2. Sun HZ, Shi K, Wu XH, Xue MY, Wei ZH, Liu JX, Liu HY: Lactation-related metabolic mechanism investigated based on mammary gland metabolomics and 4 biofluids' metabolomics relationships in dairy cows. BMC Genomics. 2017 Dec 2;18(1):936. doi: 10.1186/s12864-017-4314-1. [PubMed:29197344 ]
  3. Kurt J. Boudonck, Matthew W. Mitchell, Jacob Wulff and John A. Ryals (2009). Kurt J. Boudonck, Matthew W. Mitchell, Jacob Wulff, John A. Ryals. Characterization of the biochemical variability of bovine milk using metabolomics. Metabolomics (2009) 5:375-386 doi: 10.1007/s11306-009-0160-8. Metabolomics.

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in heparin binding
Specific function:
Hepatic lipase has the capacity to catalyze hydrolysis of phospholipids, mono-, di-, and triglycerides, and acyl-CoA thioesters. It is an important enzyme in HDL metabolism. Hepatic lipase binds heparin (By similarity).
Gene Name:
LIPC
Uniprot ID:
Q3SZ79
Molecular weight:
56826.0
Reactions
MG(0:0/16:0/0:0) + Water → Glycerol + Palmitic aciddetails
General function:
Involved in 20-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity
Specific function:
Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of a wide variety of carbonyl-containing compounds to their corresponding alcohols. Displays enzymatic activity towards endogenous metabolites such as aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, ketones, monosacharides, bile acids and xenobiotics substrates. Key enzyme in the polyol pathway, catalyzes reduction of glucose to sorbitol during hyperglycemia. Reduces steroids and their derivatives and prostaglandins. Displays low enzymatic activity toward all-trans-retinal, 9-cis-retinal, and 13-cis-retinal. Catalyzes the reduction of diverse phospholipid aldehydes such as 1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)-sn -glycero-3-phosphoethanolamin (POVPC) and related phospholipid aldehydes that are generated from the oxydation of phosphotidylcholine and phosphatdyleethanolamides. Plays a role in detoxifying dietary and lipid-derived unsaturated carbonyls, such as crotonaldehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal, trans-2-hexenal, trans-2,4-hexadienal and their glutathione-conjugates carbonyls (GS-carbonyls).
Gene Name:
AKR1B1
Uniprot ID:
P16116
Molecular weight:
35919.0
Reactions
Glyceraldehyde + NADP → Glycerol + NADPHdetails
General function:
Energy production and conversion
Specific function:
Key enzyme in the regulation of glycerol uptake and metabolism.
Gene Name:
GK
Uniprot ID:
Q0IID9
Molecular weight:
61261.0
Reactions
Glycerol + Adenosine triphosphate → Glycerol 3-phosphate + ADPdetails
General function:
Transcription
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
GK5
Uniprot ID:
Q08D86
Molecular weight:
58765.0
General function:
Involved in calcium ion binding
Specific function:
Upon cell stimulation converts the second messenger diacylglycerol into phosphatidate, initiating the resynthesis of phosphatidylinositols and attenuating protein kinase C activity.
Gene Name:
DGKA
Uniprot ID:
A0JN54
Molecular weight:
82672.0
General function:
Involved in acylglycerol lipase activity
Specific function:
Lipase that preferentially hydrolysis medium-chain saturated monoacylglycerols including 2-arachidonoylglycerol (By similarity). Through 2-arachidonoylglycerol degradation may regulate endocannabinoid signaling pathways. Also has a lysophosphatidyl lipase activity with a preference for lysophosphatidylglycerol among other lysophospholipids (By similarity). Also able to degrade bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP) and constitutes the major enzyme for BMP catabolism. BMP, also known as lysobisphosphatidic acid, is enriched in late endosomes and lysosomes and plays a key role in the formation of intraluminal vesicles and in lipid sorting (By similarity).
Gene Name:
ABHD6
Uniprot ID:
Q1LZ86
Molecular weight:
38353.0
General function:
Lipid transport and metabolism
Specific function:
In adipose tissue and heart, it primarily hydrolyzes stored triglycerides to free fatty acids, while in steroidogenic tissues, it principally converts cholesteryl esters to free cholesterol for steroid hormone production.
Gene Name:
LIPE
Uniprot ID:
P16386
Molecular weight:
82641.0
General function:
Involved in acylglycerol lipase activity
Specific function:
Lysophosphatidylserine (LPS) lipase that mediates the hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylserine, a class of signaling lipids that regulates immunological and neurological processes (By similarity). Represents a major lysophosphatidylserine lipase in the brain, thereby playing a key role in the central nervous system (By similarity). Also able to hydrolyze oxidized phosphatidylserine; oxidized phosphatidylserine is produced in response to severe inflammatory stress and constitutes a proapoptotic 'eat me' signal. Also has monoacylglycerol (MAG) lipase activity: hydrolyzes 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), thereby acting as a regulator of endocannabinoid signaling pathways. Has a strong preference for very-long-chain lipid substrates; substrate specificity is likely due to improved catalysis and not improved substrate binding (By similarity).
Gene Name:
ABHD12
Uniprot ID:
Q08DW9
Molecular weight:
45220.0
General function:
Not Available
Specific function:
Removes terminal alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine residues from glycolipids and glycopeptides. Required for the breakdown of glycolipids (By similarity).
Gene Name:
NAGA
Uniprot ID:
Q58DH9
Molecular weight:
46533.0
Reactions
D-Galactose + Glycerol → Galactosylglyceroldetails