Showing metabocard for Retinoic acid (BMDB0001852)

General function:

Secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism

Specific function:

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics.

Gene Name:

CYP3A28

Uniprot ID:

P79102

Molecular weight:

58152.0

Reactions

General function:

Secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism

Specific function:

A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of fatty acids. Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Hydroxylates fatty acids specifically at the omega-1 position displaying the highest catalytic activity for saturated fatty acids. May be involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics.

Gene Name:

CYP2E1

Uniprot ID:

O18963

Molecular weight:

56827.0

Reactions

General function:

Involved in prostaglandin-D synthase activity

Specific function:

Catalyzes the conversion of PGH2 to PGD2, a prostaglandin involved in smooth muscle contraction/relaxation and a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. Involved in a variety of CNS functions, such as sedation, NREM sleep and PGE2-induced allodynia, and may have an anti-apoptotic role in oligodendrocytes. Binds small non-substrate lipophilic molecules, including biliverdin, bilirubin, retinal, retinoic acid and thyroid hormone, and may act as a scavenger for harmful hydrophobic molecules and as a secretory retinoid and thyroid hormone transporter. Possibly involved in development and maintenance of the blood-brain, blood-retina, blood-aqueous humor and blood-testis barrier. It is likely to play important roles in both maturation and maintenance of the central nervous system and male reproductive system (By similarity).

Gene Name:

PTGDS

Uniprot ID:

O02853

Molecular weight:

21229.0

General function:

Energy production and conversion

Specific function:

Can convert/oxidize retinaldehyde to retinoic acid. Binds free retinal and cellular retinol-binding protein-bound retinal. May have a broader specificity and oxidize other aldehydes in vivo.

Gene Name:

ALDH1A1

Uniprot ID:

P48644

Molecular weight:

54806.0

Reactions

General function:

Transcription

Specific function:

Component of the Polycomb group (PcG) multiprotein BCOR complex, a complex required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of some genes, such as BCL6 and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, CDKN1A. Transcriptional repressor that may be targeted to the DNA by BCL6; this transcription repressor activity may be related to PKC signaling pathway. Represses CDKN1A expression by binding to its promoter, and this repression is dependent on the retinoic acid response element (RARE element). Promotes cell cycle progression and enhances cell proliferation as well. May have a positive role in tumor cell growth by down-regulating CDKN1A. Component of a Polycomb group (PcG) multiprotein PRC1-like complex, a complex class required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of many genes, including Hox genes, throughout development. PcG PRC1 complex acts via chromatin remodeling and modification of histones; it mediates monoubiquitination of histone H2A 'Lys-119', rendering chromatin heritably changed in its expressibility. Within the PRC1-like complex, regulates RNF2 ubiquitin ligase activity. Regulates the expression of DPPA4 and NANOG in the NT2 embryonic carcinoma cells.

Gene Name:

PCGF1

Uniprot ID:

Q2YDF9

Molecular weight:

30324.0

General function:

Involved in receptor activity

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

RARRES1

Uniprot ID:

Q0P5D6

Molecular weight:

32771.0

General function:

Involved in retinoic acid receptor activity

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

Not Available

Uniprot ID:

Q45UD6

Molecular weight:

10459.0

General function:

Not Available

Specific function:

Adipocyte-secreted protein (adipokine) that regulates adipogenesis, metabolism and inflammation through activation of the chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1). Its other ligands include G protein-coupled receptor 1 (GPR1) and chemokine receptor-like 2 (CCRL2). Positively regulates adipocyte differentiation, modulates the expression of adipocyte genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism and might play a role in angiogenesis, a process essential for the expansion of white adipose tissue. Also acts as a proinflammatory adipokine, causing an increase in secretion of proinflammatory and prodiabetic adipokines, which further impair adipose tissue metabolic function and have negative systemic effects including impaired insulin sensitivity, altered glucose and lipid metabolism, and a decrease in vascular function in other tissues. Can have both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties depending on the modality of enzymatic cleavage by different classes of proteases. Acts as a chemotactic factor for leukocyte populations expressing CMKLR1, particularly immature plasmacytoid dendritic cells, but also immature myeloid DCs, macrophages and natural killer cells. Exerts an anti-inflammatory role by preventing TNF/TNFA-induced VCAM1 expression and monocytes adhesion in vascular endothelial cells. The effect is mediated via inhibiting activation of NF-kappa-B and CRK/p38 through stimulation of AKT1/NOS3 signaling and nitric oxide production. Exhibits an antimicrobial function in the skin (By similarity).

Gene Name:

RARRES2

Uniprot ID:

Q29RS5

Molecular weight:

18357.0

General function:

Involved in retinoic acid receptor activity

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

RARA

Uniprot ID:

Q58DG3

Molecular weight:

30654.0

General function:

Involved in retinoic acid receptor activity

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

RARG

Uniprot ID:

Q08DD4

Molecular weight:

50946.0

General function:

Involved in protein binding

Specific function:

Nuclear receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the nuclear receptor binds to DNA specific PPAR response elements (PPRE) and modulates the transcription of its target genes, such as acyl-CoA oxidase. It therefore controls the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis. ARF6 acts as a key regulator of the tissue-specific adipocyte P2 (aP2) enhancer. Acts as a critical regulator of gut homeostasis by suppressing NF-kappa-B-mediated proinflammatory responses. Plays a role in the regulation of cardiovascular circadian rhythms by regulating the transcription of ARNTL/BMAL1 in the blood vessels.

Gene Name:

PPARG

Uniprot ID:

O18971

Molecular weight:

57579.0

General function:

Involved in lipid binding

Specific function:

Lipid transport protein in adipocytes. Binds both long chain fatty acids and retinoic acid. Delivers long-chain fatty acids and retinoic acid to their cognate receptors in the nucleus.

Gene Name:

FABP4

Uniprot ID:

P48035

Molecular weight:

14678.0

General function:

Involved in retinal binding

Specific function:

Cytosolic CRABPs may regulate the access of retinoic acid to the nuclear retinoic acid receptors.

Gene Name:

CRABP1

Uniprot ID:

P62964

Molecular weight:

15592.0

General function:

Involved in SMAD binding

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

LOC100138545

Uniprot ID:

A6QQE3

Molecular weight:

91118.0

General function:

Involved in steroid binding

Specific function:

Receptor for retinoic acid. Retinoic acid receptors bind as heterodimers to their target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, and regulate gene expression in various biological processes. The RAR/RXR heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE) composed of tandem 5'-AGGTCA-3' sites known as DR1-DR5. The high affinity ligand for RXRs is 9-cis retinoic acid (By similarity).

Gene Name:

RXRG

Uniprot ID:

Q0VC20

Molecular weight:

50882.0

General function:

Involved in retinal binding

Specific function:

Transports retinoic acid to the nucleus. Regulates the access of retinoic acid to the nuclear retinoic acid receptors (By similarity).

Gene Name:

CRABP2

Uniprot ID:

Q5PXY7

Molecular weight:

15735.0

General function:

Not Available

Specific function:

Involved in the metabolism of retinoic acid (RA), rendering this classical morphogen inactive through oxidation. Involved in the specific inactivation of all-trans-retinoic acid (all-trans-RA), with a preference for the following substrates: all-trans-RA > 9-cis-RA > 13-cis-RA. Generates several hydroxylated forms of RA, including 4-OH-RA, 4-oxo-RA, and 18-OH-RA. Essential for postnatal survival. Plays a central role in germ cell development: acts by degrading RA in the developing testis, preventing STRA8 expression, thereby leading to delay of meiosis. Required for the maintenance of the undifferentiated state of male germ cells during embryonic development in Sertoli cells, inducing arrest in G0 phase of the cell cycle and preventing meiotic entry. Plays a role in skeletal development, both at the level of patterning and in the ossification of bone and the establishment of some synovial joints (By similarity).

Gene Name:

CYP26B1

Uniprot ID:

E1BHJ4

Molecular weight:

57414.0

Reactions