Showing metabocard for D-Glucose (BMDB0000122)

General function:

Involved in cation binding

Specific function:

Glucosylceramidase that catalyzes, within the lysosomal compartment, the hydrolysis of glucosylceramide/GlcCer into free ceramide and glucose. Thereby, plays a central role in the degradation of complex lipids and the turnover of cellular membranes. Through the production of ceramides, participates to the PKC-activated salvage pathway of ceramide formation. Also plays a role in cholesterol metabolism. May either catalyze the glucosylation of cholesterol, through a transglucosylation reaction that transfers glucose from glucosylceramide to cholesterol. The short chain saturated C8:0-GlcCer and the mono-unsaturated C18:0-GlcCer being the most effective glucose donors for that transglucosylation reaction. Under specific conditions, may alternatively catalyze the reverse reaction, transferring glucose from cholesteryl-beta-D-glucoside to ceramide. Finally, may also hydrolyze cholesteryl-beta-D-glucoside to produce D-glucose and cholesterol.

Gene Name:

GBA

Uniprot ID:

Q2KHZ8

Molecular weight:

59855.0

General function:

Involved in glucose-6-phosphatase activity

Specific function:

Hydrolyzes glucose-6-phosphate to glucose in the endoplasmic reticulum. Forms with the glucose-6-phosphate transporter (SLC37A4/G6PT) the complex responsible for glucose production through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Hence, it is the key enzyme in homeostatic regulation of blood glucose levels (By similarity).

Gene Name:

G6PC

Uniprot ID:

Q29RU6

Molecular weight:

40827.0

Reactions

General function:

Involved in ATP binding

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

YES1

Uniprot ID:

A7MB57

Molecular weight:

60597.0

General function:

Involved in alpha-tubulin binding

Specific function:

The Golgi complex form catalyzes the production of lactose in the lactating mammary gland and could also be responsible for the synthesis of complex-type N-linked oligosaccharides in many glycoproteins as well as the carbohydrate moieties of glycolipids.

Gene Name:

B4GALT1

Uniprot ID:

P08037

Molecular weight:

44843.0

Reactions

General function:

Involved in ATP binding

Specific function:

Catalyzes the phosphorylation of various hexoses, such as D-glucose, D-glucosamine, D-fructose, D-mannose and 2-deoxy-D-glucose, to hexose 6-phosphate (D-glucose 6-phosphate, D-glucosamine 6-phosphate, D-fructose 6-phosphate, D-mannose 6-phosphate and 2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-phosphate, respectively). Does not phosphorylate N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (By similarity). Mediates the initial step of glycolysis by catalyzing phosphorylation of D-glucose to D-glucose 6-phosphate (By similarity). Involved in innate immunity and inflammation by acting as a pattern recognition receptor for bacterial peptidoglycan. When released in the cytosol, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine component of bacterial peptidoglycan inhibits the hexokinase activity of HK1 and causes its dissociation from mitochondrial outer membrane, thereby activating the NLRP3 inflammasome (By similarity).

Gene Name:

HK1

Uniprot ID:

P27595

Molecular weight:

103064.0

Reactions

General function:

Inorganic ion transport and metabolism

Specific function:

(1) Kininogens are inhibitors of thiol proteases; (2) HMW-kininogen plays an important role in blood coagulation by helping to position optimally prekallikrein and factor XI next to factor XII; (3) HMW-kininogen inhibits the thrombin- and plasmin-induced aggregation of thrombocytes; (4) the active peptide bradykinin that is released from HMW-kininogen shows a variety of physiological effects: (4A) influence in smooth muscle contraction, (4B) induction of hypotension, (4C) natriuresis and diuresis, (4D) decrease in blood glucose level, (4E) it is a mediator of inflammation and causes (4E1) increase in vascular permeability, (4E2) stimulation of nociceptors (4E3) release of other mediators of inflammation (e.g. prostaglandins), (4F) it has a cardioprotective effect (directly via bradykinin action, indirectly via endothelium-derived relaxing factor action); (5) LMW-kininogen inhibits the aggregation of thrombocytes; (6) LMW-kininogen is in contrast to HMW-kininogen not involved in blood clotting.

Gene Name:

KNG2

Uniprot ID:

P01045

Molecular weight:

68710.0

General function:

Involved in alpha-1,3-mannosylglycoprotein 4-beta-N-ace

Specific function:

Glycosyltransferase that participates in the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) to the core mannose residues of N-linked glycans. Catalyzes the formation of the GlcNAcbeta1-4 branch on the GlcNAcbeta1-2Manalpha1-3 arm of the core structure of N-linked glycans. Essential for the production of tri- and tetra-antennary N-linked sugar chains. Involved in glucose transport by mediating SLC2A2/GLUT2 glycosylation, thereby controlling cell-surface expression of SLC2A2 in pancreatic beta cells.

Gene Name:

MGAT4A

Uniprot ID:

O77836

Molecular weight:

61618.0

General function:

Replication, recombination and repair

Specific function:

Binds to activated (phosphorylated) protein-Tyr kinases, through its SH2 domain, and acts as an adapter, mediating the association of the p110 catalytic unit to the plasma membrane. Necessary for the insulin-stimulated increase in glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis in insulin-sensitive tissues. Plays an important role in signaling in response to FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, KITLG/SCF, KIT, PDGFRA and PDGFRB. Likewise, plays a role in ITGB2 signaling. Modulates the cellular response to ER stress by promoting nuclear translocation of XBP1 in a ER stress- and/or insulin-dependent manner during metabolic overloading in the liver and hence plays a role in glucose tolerance improvement (By similarity).

Gene Name:

PIK3R1

Uniprot ID:

P23727

Molecular weight:

83497.0

General function:

Involved in kinase activity

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

PRKAG3

Uniprot ID:

Q4G3U3

Molecular weight:

51523.0

General function:

Involved in ATP binding

Specific function:

AKT1 is one of 3 closely related serine/threonine-protein kinases (AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3) called the AKT kinase, and which regulate many processes including metabolism, proliferation, cell survival, growth and angiogenesis. This is mediated through serine and/or threonine phosphorylation of a range of downstream substrates. Over 100 substrate candidates have been reported so far, but for most of them, no isoform specificity has been reported (By similarity). AKT is responsible of the regulation of glucose uptake by mediating insulin-induced translocation of the SLC2A4/GLUT4 glucose transporter to the cell surface. Phosphorylation of PTPN1 at 'Ser-50' negatively modulates its phosphatase activity preventing dephosphorylation of the insulin receptor and the attenuation of insulin signaling (By similarity). Phosphorylation of TBC1D4 triggers the binding of this effector to inhibitory 14-3-3 proteins, which is required for insulin-stimulated glucose transport (By similarity). AKT regulates also the storage of glucose in the form of glycogen by phosphorylating GSK3A at 'Ser-21' and GSK3B at 'Ser-9', resulting in inhibition of its kinase activity. Phosphorylation of GSK3 isoforms by AKT is also thought to be one mechanism by which cell proliferation is driven (By similarity). AKT regulates also cell survival via the phosphorylation of MAP3K5 (apoptosis signal-related kinase). Phosphorylation of 'Ser-83' decreases MAP3K5 kinase activity stimulated by oxidative stress and thereby prevents apoptosis. AKT mediates insulin-stimulated protein synthesis by phosphorylating TSC2 at 'Ser-939' and 'Thr-1462', thereby activating mTORC1 signaling and leading to both phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and in activation of RPS6KB1. AKT is involved in the phosphorylation of members of the FOXO factors (Forkhead family of transcription factors), leading to binding of 14-3-3 proteins and cytoplasmic localization. In particular, FOXO1 is phosphorylated at 'Thr-24', 'Ser-256' and 'Ser-319'. FOXO3 and FOXO4 are phosphorylated on equivalent sites. AKT has an important role in the regulation of NF-kappa-B-dependent gene transcription and positively regulates the activity of CREB1 (cyclic AMP (cAMP)-response element binding protein). The phosphorylation of CREB1 induces the binding of accessory proteins that are necessary for the transcription of pro-survival genes such as BCL2 and MCL1 (By similarity). AKT phosphorylates 'Ser-454' on ATP citrate lyase (ACLY), thereby potentially regulating ACLY activity and fatty acid synthesis (By similarity). Activates the 3B isoform of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE3B) via phosphorylation of 'Ser-273', resulting in reduced cyclic AMP levels and inhibition of lipolysis (By similarity). Phosphorylates PIKFYVE on 'Ser-318', which results in increased PI(3)P-5 activity (By similarity). The Rho GTPase-activating protein DLC1 is another substrate and its phosphorylation is implicated in the regulation cell proliferation and cell growth (By similarity). AKT plays a role as key modulator of the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway controlling the tempo of the process of newborn neurons integration during adult neurogenesis, including correct neuron positioning, dendritic development and synapse formation (By similarity). Signals downstream of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI(3)K) to mediate the effects of various growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) (By similarity). AKT mediates the antiapoptotic effects of IGF-I (By similarity). Essential for the SPATA13-mediated regulation of cell migration and adhesion assembly and disassembly (By similarity). May be involved in the regulation of the placental development (By similarity). Phosphorylates STK4/MST1 at 'Thr-120' and 'Thr-387' leading to inhibition of its: kinase activity, nuclear translocation, autophosphorylation and ability to phosphorylate FOXO3. Phosphorylates STK3/MST2 at 'Thr-117' and 'Thr-384' leading to inhibition of its: cleavage, kinase activity, autophosphorylation at Thr-180, binding to RASSF1 and nuclear translocation. Phosphorylates SRPK2 and enhances its kinase activity towards SRSF2 and ACIN1 and promotes its nuclear translocation. Phosphorylates RAF1 at 'Ser-259' and negatively regulates its activity. Phosphorylation of BAD stimulates its pro-apoptotic activity. Phosphorylates KAT6A at 'Thr-369' and this phosphorylation inhibits the interaction of KAT6A with PML and negatively regulates its acetylation activity towards p53/TP53. Phosphorylates palladin (PALLD), modulating cytoskeletal organization and cell motility. Phosphorylates prohibitin (PHB), playing an important role in cell metabolism and proliferation. Phosphorylates CDKN1A, for which phosphorylation at 'Thr-145' induces its release from CDK2 and cytoplasmic relocalization. These recent findings indicate that the AKT1 isoform has a more specific role in cell motility and proliferation. Phosphorylates CLK2 thereby controlling cell survival to ionizing radiation (By similarity).

Gene Name:

AKT1

Uniprot ID:

Q01314

Molecular weight:

55748.0

General function:

Inorganic ion transport and metabolism

Specific function:

(1) Kininogens are inhibitors of thiol proteases; (2) HMW-kininogen plays an important role in blood coagulation by helping to position optimally prekallikrein and factor XI next to factor XII; (3) HMW-kininogen inhibits the thrombin- and plasmin-induced aggregation of thrombocytes; (4) the active peptide bradykinin that is released from HMW-kininogen shows a variety of physiological effects: (4A) influence in smooth muscle contraction, (4B) induction of hypotension, (4C) natriuresis and diuresis, (4D) decrease in blood glucose level, (4E) it is a mediator of inflammation and causes (4E1) increase in vascular permeability, (4E2) stimulation of nociceptors (4E3) release of other mediators of inflammation (e.g. prostaglandins), (4F) it has a cardioprotective effect (directly via bradykinin action, indirectly via endothelium-derived relaxing factor action); (5) LMW-kininogen inhibits the aggregation of thrombocytes; (6) LMW-kininogen is in contrast to HMW-kininogen not involved in blood clotting.

Gene Name:

KNG1

Uniprot ID:

P01044

Molecular weight:

68890.0

General function:

Involved in calcium ion binding

Specific function:

Regulatory subunit of lactose synthase, changes the substrate specificity of galactosyltransferase in the mammary gland making glucose a good acceptor substrate for this enzyme. This enables LS to synthesize lactose, the major carbohydrate component of milk. In other tissues, galactosyltransferase transfers galactose onto the N-acetylglucosamine of the oligosaccharide chains in glycoproteins.

Gene Name:

LALBA

Uniprot ID:

P00711

Molecular weight:

16247.0

Reactions

General function:

Involved in actin binding

Specific function:

Myosins are actin-based motor molecules with ATPase activity. Unconventional myosins serve in intracellular movements. Their highly divergent tails are presumed to bind to membranous compartments, which would be moved relative to actin filaments. Involved in glucose transporter recycling in response to insulin by regulating movement of intracellular GLUT4-containing vesicles to the plasma membrane. Component of the hair cell's (the sensory cells of the inner ear) adaptation-motor complex. Acts as a mediator of adaptation of mechanoelectrical transduction in stereocilia of vestibular hair cells. Binds phosphoinositides and links the actin cytoskeleton to cellular membranes (By similarity).

Gene Name:

MYO1C

Uniprot ID:

Q27966

Molecular weight:

121936.0

General function:

Carbohydrate transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Lectin that binds to various sugars: mannose = ManNAc > fucose > GlcNAc > glucose = maltose > galactose > lactose > GalNAc. Could play a role in immune defense.

Gene Name:

CL43

Uniprot ID:

P42916

Molecular weight:

33616.0

General function:

Involved in sodium ion binding

Specific function:

Involved in the sodium-dependent cotransport of myo-inositol (MI) with a Na(+):MI stoichiometry of 2:1. Exclusively responsible for apical MI transport and absorption in intestine. Also can transport D-chiro-inositol (DCI) but not L-fructose. Exhibits stereospecific cotransport of both D-glucose and D-xylose. May induce apoptosis through the TNF-alpha, PDCD1 pathway. May play a role in the regulation of MI concentration in serum, involving reabsorption in at least the proximal tubule of the kidney.

Gene Name:

SLC5A11

Uniprot ID:

Q3ZC26

Molecular weight:

73957.0

General function:

Involved in protein binding

Specific function:

Nuclear receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the nuclear receptor binds to DNA specific PPAR response elements (PPRE) and modulates the transcription of its target genes, such as acyl-CoA oxidase. It therefore controls the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis. ARF6 acts as a key regulator of the tissue-specific adipocyte P2 (aP2) enhancer. Acts as a critical regulator of gut homeostasis by suppressing NF-kappa-B-mediated proinflammatory responses. Plays a role in the regulation of cardiovascular circadian rhythms by regulating the transcription of ARNTL/BMAL1 in the blood vessels.

Gene Name:

PPARG

Uniprot ID:

O18971

Molecular weight:

57579.0

General function:

Carbohydrate transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Insulin-regulated facilitative glucose transporter, which plays a key role in removal of glucose from circulation. Response to insulin is regulated by its intracellular localization: in the absence of insulin, it is efficiently retained intracellularly within storage compartments in muscle and fat cells. Upon insulin stimulation, translocates from these compartments to the cell surface where it transports glucose from the extracellular milieu into the cell.

Gene Name:

SLC2A4

Uniprot ID:

Q27994

Molecular weight:

55084.0

General function:

Carbohydrate transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Facilitative glucose transporter, which is responsible for constitutive or basal glucose uptake. Has a very broad substrate specificity; can transport a wide range of aldoses including both pentoses and hexoses. Most important energy carrier of the brain: present at the blood-brain barrier and assures the energy-independent, facilitative transport of glucose into the brain.

Gene Name:

SLC2A1

Uniprot ID:

P27674

Molecular weight:

54132.0

General function:

Carbohydrate transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Insulin-regulated facilitative hexose transporter that mediates the transport of glucose and fructose. Also able to mediate the transport of dehydroascorbate.

Gene Name:

SLC2A8

Uniprot ID:

P58354

Molecular weight:

51417.0

General function:

Involved in purinergic nucleotide receptor activity, G-

Specific function:

Receptor for UDP-glucose and other UDP-sugar coupled to G-proteins. Not activated by ATP, ADP, UTP or ATP (By similarity).

Gene Name:

P2RY14

Uniprot ID:

Q3SX17

Molecular weight:

38697.0

General function:

Carbohydrate transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Insulin-independent facilitative glucose transporter.

Gene Name:

SLC2A12

Uniprot ID:

Q5J316

Molecular weight:

67468.0

General function:

Carbohydrate transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Facilitative glucose transporter that can also mediate the uptake of various other monosaccharides across the cell membrane. Mediates the uptake of glucose, 2-deoxyglucose, galactose, mannose, xylose and fucose, and probably also dehydroascorbate. Does not mediate fructose transport.

Gene Name:

SLC2A3

Uniprot ID:

P58352

Molecular weight:

54020.0

General function:

Carbohydrate transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Functions as a fructose transporter that has only low activity with other monosaccharides. Can mediate the uptake of deoxyglucose, but with low efficiency. Essential for fructose uptake in the small intestine. Plays a role in the regulation of salt uptake and blood pressure in response to dietary fructose. Required for the development of high blood pressure in response to high dietary fructose intake.

Gene Name:

SLC2A5

Uniprot ID:

P58353

Molecular weight:

55393.0

General function:

Involved in receptor binding

Specific function:

Mediates inactivation of the lipoprotein lipase LPL, and thereby plays a role in the regulation of triglyceride clearance from the blood serum and in lipid metabolism. May also play a role in regulating glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Inhibits proliferation, migration, and tubule formation of endothelial cells and reduces vascular leakage (By similarity). Upon heterologous expression, inhibits the adhesion of endothelial cell to the extracellular matrix (ECM), and inhibits the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, formation of actin stress fibers and focal adhesions in endothelial cells that have adhered to ANGPTL4-containing ECM (in vitro) (By similarity). Depending on context, may modulate tumor-related angiogenesis (By similarity).

Gene Name:

ANGPTL4

Uniprot ID:

Q2KJ51

Molecular weight:

45553.0

General function:

Involved in insulin receptor binding

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

SORBS1

Uniprot ID:

Q0VCF1

Molecular weight:

46461.0

General function:

Involved in hormone activity

Specific function:

Selectively inhibits insulin-stimulated glucose utilization and glycogen deposition in muscle, while not affecting adipocyte glucose metabolism.

Gene Name:

IAPP

Uniprot ID:

Q28207

Molecular weight:

9953.0

General function:

Involved in glucose transmembrane transporter activity

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

sglt1

Uniprot ID:

Q9TTR6

Molecular weight:

34774.0

General function:

Intracellular trafficking, secretion, and vesicular transport

Specific function:

Strongly inhibits glucose induced insulin release from the pancreas.

Gene Name:

CHGA

Uniprot ID:

P05059

Molecular weight:

50015.0

General function:

Carbohydrate transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

SLC2A3

Uniprot ID:

A2VDL2

Molecular weight:

54119.0

General function:

Carbohydrate transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

SLC2A6

Uniprot ID:

A1L502

Molecular weight:

54399.0

General function:

Involved in hormone activity

Specific function:

Glucagon plays a key role in glucose metabolism and homeostasis. Regulates blood glucose by increasing gluconeogenesis and decreasing glycolysis. A counterregulatory hormone of insulin, raises plasma glucose levels in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia (By similarity).

Gene Name:

GCG

Uniprot ID:

P01272

Molecular weight:

20944.0

General function:

Involved in glucose transmembrane transporter activity

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

SLC5A1

Uniprot ID:

A5HNF2

Molecular weight:

2561.0

General function:

Signal transduction mechanisms

Specific function:

Functions as a master transcriptional regulator of the adaptive response to hypoxia. Under hypoxic conditions, activates the transcription of over 40 genes, including erythropoietin, glucose transporters, glycolytic enzymes, vascular endothelial growth factor, HILPDA, and other genes whose protein products increase oxygen delivery or facilitate metabolic adaptation to hypoxia. Plays an essential role in embryonic vascularization, tumor angiogenesis and pathophysiology of ischemic disease. Heterodimerizes with ARNT; heterodimer binds to core DNA sequence 5'-TACGTG-3' within the hypoxia response element (HRE) of target gene promoters (By similarity). Activation requires recruitment of transcriptional coactivators such as CREBBP and EP300. Activity is enhanced by interaction with both, NCOA1 or NCOA2. Interaction with redox regulatory protein APEX seems to activate CTAD and potentiates activation by NCOA1 and CREBBP. Involved in the axonal distribution and transport of mitochondria in neurons during hypoxia (By similarity).

Gene Name:

HIF1A

Uniprot ID:

Q9XTA5

Molecular weight:

92128.0

General function:

Involved in cytokine activity

Specific function:

Potent proinflammatory cytokine. Initially discovered as the major endogenous pyrogen, induces prostaglandin synthesis, neutrophil influx and activation, T-cell activation and cytokine production, B-cell activation and antibody production, and fibroblast proliferation and collagen production.

Gene Name:

IL1B

Uniprot ID:

Q5MAC0

Molecular weight:

13246.0

General function:

Involved in glucose transmembrane transporter activity

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

SGLT1

Uniprot ID:

Q8MKB7

Molecular weight:

73076.0

General function:

Involved in glucose:sodium symporter activity

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

Not Available

Uniprot ID:

Q95JG8

Molecular weight:

20235.0

General function:

Involved in protein binding

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

Not Available

Uniprot ID:

Q6UNK6

Molecular weight:

32549.0

General function:

Not Available

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

LCT

Uniprot ID:

E1BK89

Molecular weight:

219131.0

Reactions