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Showing metabocard for Acetyl-CoA (BMDB0001206)
Record Information | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Version | 1.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Creation Date | 2016-09-30 22:42:36 UTC | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Update Date | 2020-05-21 16:29:06 UTC | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
BMDB ID | BMDB0001206 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Secondary Accession Numbers |
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Metabolite Identification | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Common Name | Acetyl-CoA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Description | Acetyl-CoA, also known as acetyl coenzyme A or accoa, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as o-glucuronides. These are glucuronides in which the aglycone is linked to the carbohydrate unit through an O-glycosidic bond. Thus, acetyl-CoA is considered to be a fatty ester lipid molecule. Acetyl-CoA is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Acetyl-CoA exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Structure | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Synonyms |
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Chemical Formula | C23H38N7O17P3S | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Average Molecular Weight | 809.571 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 809.125773051 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IUPAC Name | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Traditional Name | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CAS Registry Number | 72-89-9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SMILES | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C23H38N7O17P3S/c1-12(31)51-7-6-25-14(32)4-5-26-21(35)18(34)23(2,3)9-44-50(41,42)47-49(39,40)43-8-13-17(46-48(36,37)38)16(33)22(45-13)30-11-29-15-19(24)27-10-28-20(15)30/h10-11,13,16-18,22,33-34H,4-9H2,1-3H3,(H,25,32)(H,26,35)(H,39,40)(H,41,42)(H2,24,27,28)(H2,36,37,38)/t13-,16-,17-,18+,22-/m1/s1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
InChI Key | ZSLZBFCDCINBPY-ZSJPKINUSA-N | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chemical Taxonomy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Description | belongs to the class of organic compounds known as o-glucuronides. These are glucuronides in which the aglycone is linked to the carbohydrate unit through an O-glycosidic bond. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kingdom | Organic compounds | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Super Class | Organic oxygen compounds | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Class | Organooxygen compounds | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sub Class | Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Direct Parent | O-glucuronides | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Alternative Parents |
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Substituents |
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Molecular Framework | Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
External Descriptors | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ontology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Status | Expected but not Quantified | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Origin |
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Biofunction | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Application | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cellular locations |
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Physical Properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
State | Solid | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Experimental Properties |
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Predicted Properties | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spectra | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spectra |
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Biological Properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cellular Locations |
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Biospecimen Locations |
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Pathways | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Normal Concentrations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Abnormal Concentrations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
External Links | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
HMDB ID | HMDB0001206 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
DrugBank ID | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
FooDB ID | FDB022491 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
KNApSAcK ID | C00007259 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chemspider ID | 392413 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
KEGG Compound ID | C00024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
BioCyc ID | ACETYL-COA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
BiGG ID | 33558 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Wikipedia Link | Acetyl-CoA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
METLIN ID | 6082 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PubChem Compound | 444493 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PDB ID | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ChEBI ID | 15351 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
References | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Synthesis Reference | Tucek, S. The synthesis of acetyl coenzyme A and acetylcholine from citrate and acetate in the nerve endings of mammalian brain. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, General Subjects (1966), 117(1), 278-80. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General References | Not Available |
Enzymes
- General function:
- Energy production and conversion
- Specific function:
- Catalyzes the cleavage of citrate into oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA, the latter serving as common substrate for de novo cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis.
- Gene Name:
- ACLY
- Uniprot ID:
- Q32PF2
- Molecular weight:
- 119789.0
Reactions
Coenzyme A + Citric acid + Adenosine triphosphate → Oxalacetic acid + ADP + Acetyl-CoA | details |
- General function:
- Lipid transport and metabolism
- Specific function:
- Cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, the first and rate-limiting step of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis. This is a 2 steps reaction starting with the ATP-dependent carboxylation of the biotin carried by the biotin carboxyl carrier (BCC) domain followed by the transfer of the carboxyl group from carboxylated biotin to acetyl-CoA.
- Gene Name:
- ACACA
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9TTS3
- Molecular weight:
- 265303.0
Reactions
Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen carbonate + Acetyl-CoA → Hydrogen phosphate + ADP + Malonyl-CoA | details |
Acetyl-CoA → Malonyl-CoA | details |
- General function:
- Involved in carnitine O-octanoyltransferase activity
- Specific function:
- Beta-oxidation of fatty acids. The highest activity concerns the C6 to C10 chain length substrate.
- Gene Name:
- CROT
- Uniprot ID:
- O19094
- Molecular weight:
- 70263.0
Reactions
Acetyl-CoA + L-Carnitine → L-Acetylcarnitine + Coenzyme A | details |
L-Acetylcarnitine + L-Carnitine → Acetyl-CoA + Coenzyme A | details |
- General function:
- Transcription
- Specific function:
- Controls the night/day rhythm of melatonin production in the pineal gland. Catalyzes the N-acetylation of serotonin into N-acetylserotonin, the penultimate step in the synthesis of melatonin.
- Gene Name:
- AANAT
- Uniprot ID:
- O02785
- Molecular weight:
- 22997.0
Reactions
Serotonin + Acetyl-CoA → N-Acetylserotonin + Coenzyme A | details |
- General function:
- Lipid transport and metabolism
- Specific function:
- This enzyme condenses acetyl-CoA with acetoacetyl-CoA to form HMG-CoA, which is the substrate for HMG-CoA reductase.
- Gene Name:
- HMGCS2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q2KIE6
- Molecular weight:
- 56895.0
Reactions
Acetyl-CoA + Acetoacetyl-CoA + Water → 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + Coenzyme A | details |
- General function:
- Secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism
- Specific function:
- Participates in the detoxification of a plethora of hydrazine and arylamine drugs.
- Gene Name:
- NAT1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q1JPA6
- Molecular weight:
- 34199.0
Reactions
Paraxanthine + Acetyl-CoA → 5-Acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil + Coenzyme A | details |
- General function:
- Transcription
- Specific function:
- Catalytic tRNA acetyltransferase subunit of the RNA polymerase II elongator complex, which is a component of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) holoenzyme and is involved in transcriptional elongation. The elongator complex is required for multiple tRNA modifications, including mcm5U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl uridine), mcm5s2U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine), and ncm5U (5-carbamoylmethyl uridine) (By similarity). In the elongator complex, acts as a tRNA uridine(34) acetyltransferase by mediating formation of carboxymethyluridine in the wobble base at position 34 in tRNAs (By similarity). May also act as a protein lysine acetyltransferase by mediating acetylation of target proteins; such activity is however unclear in vivo and recent evidences suggest that ELP3 primarily acts as a tRNA acetyltransferase. Involved in neurogenesis: regulates the migration and branching of projection neurons in the developing cerebral cortex, through a process depending on alpha-tubulin acetylation (By similarity). Required for acetylation of GJA1 in the developing cerebral cortex (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- ELP3
- Uniprot ID:
- Q2KJ61
- Molecular weight:
- 62331.0
- General function:
- Involved in dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransfera
- Specific function:
- The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2), and thereby links the glycolytic pathway to the tricarboxylic cycle.
- Gene Name:
- DLAT
- Uniprot ID:
- P11180
- Molecular weight:
- 1066.0
- General function:
- Involved in peptide alpha-N-acetyltransferase activity
- Specific function:
- Catalytic subunit of the N-terminal acetyltransferase A (NatA) complex which displays alpha (N-terminal) acetyltransferase activity. Acetylates amino termini that are devoid of initiator methionine. The alpha (N-terminal) acetyltransferase activity may be important for vascular, hematopoietic and neuronal growth and development. Without NAA15, displays epsilon (internal) acetyltransferase activity towards HIF1A, thereby promoting its degradation. Represses MYLK kinase activity by acetylation, and thus represses tumor cell migration. Acetylates, and stabilizes TSC2, thereby repressing mTOR activity and suppressing cancer development. Acetylates HSPA1A and HSPA1B at 'Lys-77' which enhances its chaperone activity and leads to preferential binding to co-chaperone HOPX. Acetylates HIST1H4A. Acts as a negative regulator of sister chromatid cohesion during mitosis.
- Gene Name:
- NAA10
- Uniprot ID:
- Q2KI14
- Molecular weight:
- 26521.0
- General function:
- Lipid transport and metabolism
- Specific function:
- Mitochondrial trifunctional enzyme catalyzes the last three of the four reactions of the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway. The mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway is the major energy-producing process in tissues and is performed through four consecutive reactions breaking down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA. Among the enzymes involved in this pathway, the trifunctional enzyme exhibits specificity for long-chain fatty acids. Mitochondrial trifunctional enzyme is a heterotetrameric complex composed of two proteins, the trifunctional enzyme subunit alpha/HADHA carries the 2,3-enoyl-CoA hydratase and the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activities, while the trifunctional enzyme subunit beta/HADHB described here bears the 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase activity.
- Gene Name:
- HADHB
- Uniprot ID:
- O46629
- Molecular weight:
- 51345.0
- General function:
- Lipid transport and metabolism
- Specific function:
- Catalyzes the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from short-chain fatty acids (By similarity). Propionate is the preferred substrate but can also utilize acetate and butyrate with a much lower affinity.
- Gene Name:
- ACSS3
- Uniprot ID:
- A7MB45
- Molecular weight:
- 74805.0
- General function:
- Secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism
- Specific function:
- Fatty acid synthetase catalyzes the formation of long-chain fatty acids from acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA and NADPH. This multifunctional protein has 7 catalytic activities as an acyl carrier protein.
- Gene Name:
- FASN
- Uniprot ID:
- Q71SP7
- Molecular weight:
- 274554.0
Reactions
Acetyl-CoA → Acetic acid + Coenzyme A | details |
- General function:
- Lipid transport and metabolism
- Specific function:
- In the production of energy from fats, this is one of the enzymes that catalyzes the last step of the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway, an aerobic process breaking down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA. Using free coenzyme A/CoA, catalyzes the thiolytic cleavage of medium- to long-chain unbranched 3-oxoacyl-CoAs into acetyl-CoA and a fatty acyl-CoA shortened by two carbon atoms. Also catalyzes the condensation of two acetyl-CoA molecules into acetoacetyl-CoA and could be involved in the production of ketone bodies. Also displays hydrolase activity on various fatty acyl-CoAs (By similarity). Thereby, could be responsible for the production of acetate in a side reaction to beta-oxidation (By similarity). Abolishes BNIP3-mediated apoptosis and mitochondrial damage (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- ACAA2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q3T0R7
- Molecular weight:
- 42131.0
Reactions
Coenzyme A + Acetoacetyl-CoA →2 Acetyl-CoA | details |
2-Methylacetoacetyl-CoA + Coenzyme A → Propionyl-CoA + Acetyl-CoA | details |
- General function:
- Transcription
- Specific function:
- Enzyme which catalyzes the acetylation of polyamines. Substrate specificity: norspermidine > spermidine = spermine >> N(1)acetylspermine = putrescine (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- SAT2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q7PCJ8
- Molecular weight:
- 19187.0
- General function:
- Lipid transport and metabolism
- Specific function:
- This is one of the enzymes that catalyzes the last step of the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway, an aerobic process breaking down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA. Using free coenzyme A/CoA, catalyzes the thiolytic cleavage of medium- to long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoAs into acetyl-CoA and a fatty acyl-CoA shortened by two carbon atoms. The activity of the enzyme is reversible and it can also catalyze the condensation of two acetyl-CoA molecules into acetoacetyl-CoA. Thereby, it plays a major role in ketone body metabolism.
- Gene Name:
- ACAT1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q29RZ0
- Molecular weight:
- 44889.0
Reactions
2 Acetyl-CoA → Acetoacetyl-CoA + Coenzyme A | details |
Coenzyme A + Acetoacetyl-CoA →2 Acetyl-CoA | details |
- General function:
- Transcription
- Specific function:
- Enzyme which catalyzes the acetylation of polyamines. Substrate specificity: norspermidine = spermidine >> spermine > N(1)-acetylspermine > putrescine. This highly regulated enzyme allows a fine attenuation of the intracellular concentration of polyamines. Also involved in the regulation of polyamine transport out of cells. Acts on 1,3-diaminopropane, 1,5-diaminopentane, putrescine, spermidine (forming N(1)- and N(8)-acetylspermidine), spermine, N(1)-acetylspermidine and N(8)-acetylspermidine (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- SAT1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q3T0Q0
- Molecular weight:
- 19925.0
- General function:
- Involved in diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase activity
- Specific function:
- Essential acyltransferase that catalyzes the terminal and only committed step in triacylglycerol synthesis by using diacylglycerol and fatty acyl CoA as substrates. Required for synthesis and storage of intracellular triglycerides. Probably plays a central role in cytosolic lipid accumulation. In liver, is primarily responsible for incorporating endogenously synthesized fatty acids into triglycerides. Functions also as an acyl-CoA retinol acyltransferase (ARAT) (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- DGAT2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q70VZ8
- Molecular weight:
- 40896.0
Reactions
11-cis-Retinol + Acetyl-CoA → Retinyl palmitate + Coenzyme A | details |
- General function:
- Energy production and conversion
- Specific function:
- Required for anchoring dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) to the dihydrolipoamide transacetylase (E2) core of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes of eukaryotes. This specific binding is essential for a functional PDH complex.
- Gene Name:
- PDHX
- Uniprot ID:
- P22439
- Molecular weight:
- 53886.0
Reactions
Pyruvic acid + Coenzyme A + NAD → Acetyl-CoA + Carbon dioxide + NADH | details |
S-Acetyldihydrolipoamide-E + Coenzyme A → Dihydrolipoamide + Acetyl-CoA | details |
- General function:
- Energy production and conversion
- Specific function:
- The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2), and thereby links the glycolytic pathway to the tricarboxylic cycle.
- Gene Name:
- PDHA1
- Uniprot ID:
- A7MB35
- Molecular weight:
- 43388.0
Reactions
Pyruvic acid + Coenzyme A + NAD → Acetyl-CoA + Carbon dioxide + NADH | details |
Pyruvic acid → Acetyl-CoA | details |
- General function:
- Energy production and conversion
- Specific function:
- The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2), and thereby links the glycolytic pathway to the tricarboxylic cycle.
- Gene Name:
- PDHB
- Uniprot ID:
- P11966
- Molecular weight:
- 39126.0
Reactions
Pyruvic acid + Coenzyme A + NAD → Acetyl-CoA + Carbon dioxide + NADH | details |
Pyruvic acid → Acetyl-CoA | details |
- General function:
- Amino acid transport and metabolism
- Specific function:
- Mitochondrial 3-hydroxymethyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase that catalyzes a cation-dependent cleavage of (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA into acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate, a key step in ketogenesis. Terminal step in leucine catabolism. Ketone bodies (beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate and acetone) are essential as an alternative source of energy to glucose, as lipid precursors and as regulators of metabolism.
- Gene Name:
- HMGCL
- Uniprot ID:
- Q29448
- Molecular weight:
- 34168.0
Reactions
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA → Acetoacetic acid + Acetyl-CoA | details |
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA → Acetyl-CoA | details |
- General function:
- Not Available
- Specific function:
- Catalyzes the terminal and only committed step in triacylglycerol synthesis by using diacylglycerol and fatty acyl CoA as substrates. In contrast to DGAT2 it is not essential for survival. May be involved in VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) assembly. Functions as the major acyl-CoA retinol acyltransferase (ARAT) in the skin, where it acts to maintain retinoid homeostasis and prevent retinoid toxicity leading to skin and hair disorders. In liver, plays a role in esterifying exogenous fatty acids to glycerol.
- Gene Name:
- DGAT1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q8MK44
- Molecular weight:
- 55602.0
Reactions
Vitamin A + Acetyl-CoA → Retinyl ester + Coenzyme A | details |