Showing metabocard for Pyrophosphate (BMDB0000250)

General function:

Signal transduction mechanisms

Specific function:

Mediates responses to nitric oxide (NO) by catalyzing the biosynthesis of the signaling molecule cGMP.

Gene Name:

GUCY1B1

Uniprot ID:

P16068

Molecular weight:

70502.0

Reactions

General function:

Lipid transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidic acid (PA) to CDP-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG), an essential intermediate in the synthesis of phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin and phosphatidylinositol (By similarity). Exhibits specificity for the nature of the acyl chains at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions in the substrate, PA and the preferred acyl chain composition is 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-phosphatidic acid (By similarity). Plays an important role in regulating the growth and maturation of lipid droplets which are storage organelles at the center of lipid and energy homeostasis (By similarity).

Gene Name:

CDS2

Uniprot ID:

A0JNC1

Molecular weight:

51357.0

Reactions

General function:

Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis

Specific function:

Catalyzes the attachment of serine to tRNA(Ser). Is also probably able to aminoacylate tRNA(Sec) with serine, to form the misacylated tRNA L-seryl-tRNA(Sec), which will be further converted into selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sec).

Gene Name:

SARS2

Uniprot ID:

Q9N0F3

Molecular weight:

58296.0

Reactions

General function:

Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis

Specific function:

Catalyzes the attachment of serine to tRNA(Ser) in a two-step reaction: serine is first activated by ATP to form Ser-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Ser). Is probably also able to aminoacylate tRNA(Sec) with serine, to form the misacylated tRNA L-seryl-tRNA(Sec), which will be further converted into selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sec). In the nucleus, binds to the VEGFA core promoter and prevents MYC binding and transcriptional activation by MYC. Recruits SIRT2 to the VEGFA promoter, promoting deacetylation of histone H4 at 'Lys-16' (H4K16). Thereby, inhibits the production of VEGFA and sprouting angiogenesis mediated by VEGFA.

Gene Name:

SARS1

Uniprot ID:

Q9GMB8

Molecular weight:

58605.0

Reactions

General function:

Coenzyme transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Catalyzes the formation of NAD(+) from nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and ATP. Can also use the deamidated form; nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) as substrate with the same efficiency. Can use triazofurin monophosphate (TrMP) as substrate. Also catalyzes the reverse reaction, i.e. the pyrophosphorolytic cleavage of NAD(+). For the pyrophosphorolytic activity, prefers NAD(+) and NaAD as substrates and degrades NADH, nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NHD) and nicotinamide guanine dinucleotide (NGD) less effectively. Involved in the synthesis of ATP in the nucleus, together with PARP1, PARG and NUDT5. Nuclear ATP generation is required for extensive chromatin remodeling events that are energy-consuming. Fails to cleave phosphorylated dinucleotides NADP(+), NADPH and NaADP(+) (By similarity). Protects against axonal degeneration following mechanical or toxic insults (By similarity).

Gene Name:

NMNAT1

Uniprot ID:

Q0VD50

Molecular weight:

32200.0

General function:

Coenzyme transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Nicotinamide/nicotinate-nucleotide adenylyltransferase that acts as an axon maintenance factor (By similarity). Catalyzes the formation of NAD(+) from nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and ATP. Can also use the deamidated form; nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) as substrate but with a lower efficiency. Cannot use triazofurin monophosphate (TrMP) as substrate. Also catalyzes the reverse reaction, i.e. the pyrophosphorolytic cleavage of NAD(+). For the pyrophosphorolytic activity prefers NAD(+), NADH and NaAD as substrates and degrades nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NHD) less effectively. Fails to cleave phosphorylated dinucleotides NADP(+), NADPH and NaADP(+) (By similarity). Axon survival factor required for the maintenance of healthy axons: acts by delaying Wallerian axon degeneration, an evolutionarily conserved process that drives the loss of damaged axons (By similarity).

Gene Name:

NMNAT2

Uniprot ID:

Q0VC59

Molecular weight:

34468.0

Reactions

General function:

Nucleotide transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Catalyzes a salvage reaction resulting in the formation of AMP, that is energically less costly than de novo synthesis.

Gene Name:

APRT

Uniprot ID:

Q56JW4

Molecular weight:

19537.0

Reactions

General function:

Coenzyme transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP.

Gene Name:

MAT2A

Uniprot ID:

A7E3T7

Molecular weight:

43691.0

General function:

Nucleotide transport and metabolism

Specific function:

One of the enzymes of the urea cycle, the metabolic pathway transforming neurotoxic amonia produced by protein catabolism into inocuous urea in the liver of ureotelic animals. Catalyzes the formation of arginosuccinate from aspartate, citrulline and ATP and together with ASL it is responsible for the biosynthesis of arginine in most body tissues.

Gene Name:

ASS1

Uniprot ID:

P14568

Molecular weight:

46417.0

Reactions

General function:

Lipid transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Critical branch point enzyme of isoprenoid biosynthesis that is thought to regulate the flux of isoprene intermediates through the sterol pathway.

Gene Name:

FDFT1

Uniprot ID:

Q32KR6

Molecular weight:

48304.0

Reactions

General function:

Lipid transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Catalyzes the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from short-chain fatty acids (By similarity). Propionate is the preferred substrate but can also utilize acetate and butyrate with a much lower affinity.

Gene Name:

ACSS3

Uniprot ID:

A7MB45

Molecular weight:

74805.0

Reactions

General function:

Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis

Specific function:

Catalyzes the attachment of threonine to tRNA(Thr) in a two-step reaction: threonine is first activated by ATP to form Thr-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Thr). Also edits incorrectly charged tRNA(Thr) via its editing domain, at the post-transfer stage.

Gene Name:

TARS1

Uniprot ID:

Q3ZBV8

Molecular weight:

83492.0

Reactions

General function:

Cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis

Specific function:

Plays an important role in the biosynthesis of the phospholipid phosphatidylethanolamine. Catalyzes the formation of CDP-ethanolamine (By similarity).

Gene Name:

PCYT2

Uniprot ID:

Q5EA75

Molecular weight:

44158.0

Reactions

General function:

Coenzyme transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP. The reaction comprises two steps that are both catalyzed by the same enzyme: formation of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) and triphosphate, and subsequent hydrolysis of the triphosphate.

Gene Name:

MAT1A

Uniprot ID:

Q2KJC6

Molecular weight:

43761.0

Reactions

General function:

Signal transduction mechanisms

Specific function:

Receptor for the C-type natriuretic peptide NPPC/CNP hormone. Has guanylate cyclase activity upon binding of its ligand. May play a role in the regulation of skeletal growth.

Gene Name:

NPR2

Uniprot ID:

P46197

Molecular weight:

117146.0

General function:

Nucleotide transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Converts guanine to guanosine monophosphate, and hypoxanthine to inosine monophosphate. Transfers the 5-phosphoribosyl group from 5-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate onto the purine. Plays a central role in the generation of purine nucleotides through the purine salvage pathway (By similarity).

Gene Name:

HPRT1

Uniprot ID:

Q3SZ18

Molecular weight:

24498.0

Reactions

General function:

Signal transduction mechanisms

Specific function:

Catalyzes the formation of the signaling molecule cAMP in response to G-protein signaling (PubMed:2472670, PubMed:2022671. PubMed:19029295). Mediates responses to increased cellular Ca(2+)/calmodulin levels (PubMed:2022671, PubMed:19029295). May be involved in regulatory processes in the central nervous system. May play a role in memory and learning. Plays a role in the regulation of the circadian rhythm of daytime contrast sensitivity probably by modulating the rhythmic synthesis of cyclic AMP in the retina (By similarity).

Gene Name:

ADCY1

Uniprot ID:

P19754

Molecular weight:

123979.0

Reactions

General function:

Inorganic ion transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

INPP1

Uniprot ID:

P21327

Molecular weight:

43965.0

Reactions

General function:

Signal transduction mechanisms

Specific function:

Catalyzes the formation of cAMP in response to activation of G protein-coupled receptors. Functions in signaling cascades activated namely by thrombin and sphingosine 1-phosphate and mediates regulation of cAMP synthesis through synergistic action of the stimulatory G alpha protein with GNA13 (By similarity). Also, during inflammation, mediates zymosan-induced increase intracellular cAMP, leading to protein kinase A pathway activation in order to modulate innate immune responses through heterotrimeric G proteins G(12/13) (By similarity). Functions in signaling cascades activated namely by dopamine and C5 alpha chain and mediates regulation of cAMP synthesis through synergistic action of the stimulatory G protein with G beta:gamma complex (By similarity). Functions, through cAMP response regulation, to keep inflammation under control during bacterial infection by sensing the presence of serum factors, such as the bioactive lysophospholipid (LPA) that regulate LPS-induced TNF-alpha production. However, it is also required for the optimal functions of B and T cells during adaptive immune responses by regulating cAMP synthesis in both B and T cells (By similarity).

Gene Name:

ADCY7

Uniprot ID:

Q29450

Molecular weight:

120820.0

General function:

Replication, recombination and repair

Specific function:

Repair polymerase that plays a key role in base-excision repair. Has 5'-deoxyribose-5-phosphate lyase (dRP lyase) activity that removes the 5' sugar phosphate and also acts as a DNA polymerase that adds one nucleotide to the 3' end of the arising single-nucleotide gap. Conducts 'gap-filling' DNA synthesis in a stepwise distributive fashion rather than in a processive fashion as for other DNA polymerases (By similarity).

Gene Name:

POLB

Uniprot ID:

Q27958

Molecular weight:

38267.0

General function:

Nucleotide transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Major role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. The ATP gamma phosphate is transferred to the NDP beta phosphate via a ping-pong mechanism, using a phosphorylated active-site intermediate (By similarity).

Gene Name:

NME7

Uniprot ID:

Q5E9Y9

Molecular weight:

42599.0

General function:

Energy production and conversion

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

PPA1

Uniprot ID:

P37980

Molecular weight:

32814.0

General function:

Nucleotide transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Major role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. Possesses nucleoside-diphosphate kinase, serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, geranyl and farnesyl pyrophosphate kinase, histidine protein kinase and 3'-5' exonuclease activities. Involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and development, signal transduction, G protein-coupled receptor endocytosis, and gene expression. Required for neural development including neural patterning and cell fate determination.

Gene Name:

NME1-1

Uniprot ID:

P52174

Molecular weight:

17261.0

General function:

Nucleotide transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Major role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. The ATP gamma phosphate is transferred to the NDP beta phosphate via a ping-pong mechanism, using a phosphorylated active-site intermediate (By similarity). Negatively regulates Rho activity by interacting with AKAP13/LBC. Acts as a transcriptional activator of the MYC gene; binds DNA non-specifically. Binds to both single-stranded guanine- and cytosine-rich strands within the nuclease hypersensitive element (NHE) III(1) region of the MYC gene promoter. Does not bind to duplex NHE III(1). Has G-quadruplex (G4) DNA-binding activity, which is independent of its nucleotide-binding and kinase activity. Binds both folded and unfolded G4 with similar low nanomolar affinities. Stabilizes folded G4s regardless of whether they are prefolded or not (By similarity). Exhibits histidine protein kinase activity (PubMed:12486123).

Gene Name:

NME2

Uniprot ID:

Q3T0Q4

Molecular weight:

17316.0

General function:

Nucleotide transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Pyrophosphatase that hydrolyzes the non-canonical purine nucleotides inosine triphosphate (ITP), deoxyinosine triphosphate (dITP) as well as 2'-deoxy-N-6-hydroxylaminopurine triposphate (dHAPTP) and xanthosine 5'-triphosphate (XTP) to their respective monophosphate derivatives. The enzyme does not distinguish between the deoxy- and ribose forms. Probably excludes non-canonical purines from RNA and DNA precursor pools, thus preventing their incorporation into RNA and DNA and avoiding chromosomal lesions.

Gene Name:

ITPA

Uniprot ID:

Q2KIC5

Molecular weight:

23061.0

Reactions

General function:

Lipid transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Catalyzes the activation of fatty acids by CoA to produce an acyl-CoA, the first step in fatty acid metabolism (PubMed:11382754, PubMed:10561077). Capable of activating medium-chain fatty acids (e.g. butyric (C4) to decanoic (C10) acids), and certain carboxylate-containing xenobiotics, e.g. benzoate (PubMed:10561077, PubMed:11382754). Also catalyzes the activation of lipoate to lipoyl-nucleoside monophosphate (PubMed:11382754). Activates lipoate with GTP at a 1000-fold higher rate than with ATP and activates both (R)- and (S)-lipoate to the respective lipoyl-GMP, with a preference for (R)-lipoate (PubMed:11382754).

Gene Name:

ACSM1

Uniprot ID:

Q9BEA2

Molecular weight:

64923.0

Reactions

General function:

Nucleotide transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Major role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. Possesses nucleoside-diphosphate kinase, serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, geranyl and farnesyl pyrophosphate kinase, histidine protein kinase and 3'-5' exonuclease activities. Involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and development, signal transduction, G protein-coupled receptor endocytosis, and gene expression. Required for neural development including neural patterning and cell fate determination.

Gene Name:

NME1-2

Uniprot ID:

P52175

Molecular weight:

17298.0

General function:

Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

RARS2

Uniprot ID:

Q0P5H7

Molecular weight:

65631.0

Reactions

General function:

Amino acid transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

ASNS

Uniprot ID:

Q1LZA3

Molecular weight:

64220.0

Reactions

General function:

Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis

Specific function:

Catalyzes the specific attachment of an amino acid to its cognate tRNA in a 2 step reaction: the amino acid (AA) is first activated by ATP to form AA-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of the tRNA.

Gene Name:

DARS1

Uniprot ID:

Q3SYZ4

Molecular weight:

57036.0

Reactions

General function:

Involved in dCTP diphosphatase activity

Specific function:

Hydrolyzes deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) to the corresponding nucleoside monophosphates. Has a strong preference for dCTP and its analogs including 5-iodo-dCTP and 5-methyl-dCTP for which it may even have a higher efficiency. May protect DNA or RNA against the incorporation of these genotoxic nucleotide analogs through their catabolism.

Gene Name:

DCTPP1

Uniprot ID:

Q32KY6

Molecular weight:

18626.0

General function:

Coenzyme transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of NAD from nicotinic acid, the ATP-dependent synthesis of beta-nicotinate D-ribonucleotide from nicotinate and 5-phospho-D-ribose 1-phosphate. Helps prevent cellular oxidative stress via its role in NAD biosynthesis.

Gene Name:

NAPRT

Uniprot ID:

A5PK51

Molecular weight:

57871.0

General function:

Coenzyme transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Involved in the catabolism of quinolinic acid (QA).

Gene Name:

QPRT

Uniprot ID:

Q3T063

Molecular weight:

31151.0

Reactions

General function:

Energy production and conversion

Specific function:

Phosphodiesterase (PDE) that has higher activity toward cAMP than cGMP, as substrate. Plays a role in cell proliferation, is able to induce cell motility and acts as a negative regulator of NME1 (By similarity).

Gene Name:

PRUNE1

Uniprot ID:

Q5E9Y6

Molecular weight:

50080.0

General function:

Involved in N-acylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase acti

Specific function:

Catalyzes the activation of N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuNAc) to cytidine 5'-monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-NeuNAc), a substrate required for the addition of sialic acid. Has some activity toward NeuNAc, N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) or 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nononic acid (KDN) (By similarity).

Gene Name:

CMAS

Uniprot ID:

Q3SZM5

Molecular weight:

48438.0

Reactions

General function:

Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

CARS2

Uniprot ID:

Q2KIF8

Molecular weight:

61199.0

Reactions

General function:

Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

NARS

Uniprot ID:

Q2KJG3

Molecular weight:

64399.0

Reactions

General function:

Coenzyme transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Catalyzes the ATP-dependent amidation of deamido-NAD to form NAD. Uses L-glutamine as a nitrogen source.

Gene Name:

NADSYN1

Uniprot ID:

Q3ZBF0

Molecular weight:

79400.0

Reactions

General function:

Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis

Specific function:

Glutamine--tRNA ligase. Plays a critical role in brain development.

Gene Name:

QARS1

Uniprot ID:

Q3MHH4

Molecular weight:

87643.0

Reactions

General function:

Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis

Specific function:

T1-TrpRS has aminoacylation activity while T2-TrpRS lacks it. T1-TrpRS and T2-TrpRS possess angiostatic activity. T2-TrpRS inhibits fluid shear stress-activated responses of endothelial cells. Regulates ERK, Akt, and eNOS activation pathways that are associated with angiogenesis, cytoskeletal reorganization and shear stress-responsive gene expression (By similarity).

Gene Name:

WARS1

Uniprot ID:

P17248

Molecular weight:

53812.0

Reactions

General function:

Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis

Specific function:

Mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase that activate and transfer the amino acids to their corresponding tRNAs during the translation of mitochondrial genes and protein synthesis.

Gene Name:

WARS2

Uniprot ID:

Q3T099

Molecular weight:

40205.0

Reactions

General function:

Involved in UTP:glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase

Specific function:

Plays a central role as a glucosyl donor in cellular metabolic pathways.

Gene Name:

UGP2

Uniprot ID:

Q07130

Molecular weight:

56903.0

Reactions

General function:

Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

KARS

Uniprot ID:

Q3T0N2

Molecular weight:

71321.0

Reactions

General function:

Nucleotide transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Orotidine 5'-phosphate + diphosphate = orotate + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate

Gene Name:

UMPS

Uniprot ID:

P31754

Molecular weight:

52229.0

General function:

Transcription

Specific function:

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates.

Gene Name:

POLR1B

Uniprot ID:

A6QLS0

Molecular weight:

128397.0

General function:

Nucleotide transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Provides the precursors necessary for DNA synthesis. Catalyzes the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides.

Gene Name:

RRM1

Uniprot ID:

Q32LP1

Molecular weight:

90019.0

General function:

Transcription

Specific function:

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates.

Gene Name:

POLR2B

Uniprot ID:

A5PJW8

Molecular weight:

133867.0

General function:

Replication, recombination and repair

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

LIG3

Uniprot ID:

Q2T9Y5

Molecular weight:

105101.0

General function:

Signal transduction mechanisms

Specific function:

Responsible for the synthesis of cyclic GMP (cGMP) in rods and cones of photoreceptors (PubMed:9571173, PubMed:9175772). Plays an essential role in phototransduction, by mediating cGMP replenishment (PubMed:9571173, PubMed:9175772). May also participate in the trafficking of membrane-asociated proteins to the photoreceptor outer segment membrane (By similarity).

Gene Name:

GUCY2F

Uniprot ID:

O02740

Molecular weight:

124262.0

General function:

Involved in ATP binding

Specific function:

Cytoplasmic poly(A) RNA polymerase that adds successive AMP monomers to the 3'-end of specific RNAs, forming a poly(A) tail. In contrast to the canonical nuclear poly(A) RNA polymerase, it only adds poly(A) to selected cytoplasmic mRNAs. Does not play a role in replication-dependent histone mRNA degradation. Adds a single nucleotide to the 3' end of specific miRNAs, monoadenylation stabilizes and prolongs the activity of some but not all miRNAs.

Gene Name:

TENT2

Uniprot ID:

Q2HJ44

Molecular weight:

56051.0