Showing metabocard for NADPH (BMDB0000221)

General function:

Secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism

Specific function:

A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in sterol biosynthesis. Catalyzes 14-alpha demethylation of lanosterol and 24,25-dihydrolanosterol likely through sequential oxidative conversion of 14-alpha methyl group to hydroxymethyl, then to carboxylaldehyde, followed by the formation of the delta 14,15 double bond in the sterol core and concomitant release of formic acid. Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR; NADPH-ferrihemoprotein reductase).

Gene Name:

CYP51A1

Uniprot ID:

Q4PJW3

Molecular weight:

56596.0

Reactions

General function:

Secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism

Specific function:

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics.

Gene Name:

CYP3A28

Uniprot ID:

P79102

Molecular weight:

58152.0

Reactions

General function:

Inorganic ion transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is implicated in vascular smooth muscle relaxation through a cGMP-mediated signal transduction pathway. NO mediates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis in coronary vessels and promotes blood clotting through the activation of platelets.

Gene Name:

NOS3

Uniprot ID:

P29473

Molecular weight:

133287.0

Reactions

General function:

Secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism

Specific function:

Catalyzes the isomerization of prostaglandin H2 to prostacyclin (= prostaglandin I2).

Gene Name:

PTGIS

Uniprot ID:

Q29626

Molecular weight:

56629.0

Reactions

General function:

Secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism

Specific function:

A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that catalyzes the side-chain hydroxylation and cleavage of cholesterol to pregnenolone, the precursor of most steroid hormones (PubMed:11412116). Catalyzes three sequential oxidation reactions of cholesterol, namely the hydroxylation at C22 followed with the hydroxylation at C20 to yield 20R,22R-hydroxycholesterol that is further cleaved between C20 and C22 to yield the C21-steroid pregnenolone and 4-methylpentanal (PubMed:11412116). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate and reducing the second into a water molecule. Two electrons are provided by NADPH via a two-protein mitochondrial transfer system comprising flavoprotein FDXR (adrenodoxin/ferredoxin reductase) and nonheme iron-sulfur protein FDX1 or FDX2 (adrenodoxin/ferredoxin) (PubMed:11412116).

Gene Name:

CYP11A1

Uniprot ID:

P00189

Molecular weight:

60333.0

Reactions

General function:

Secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism

Specific function:

A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of fatty acids. Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Hydroxylates fatty acids specifically at the omega-1 position displaying the highest catalytic activity for saturated fatty acids. May be involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics.

Gene Name:

CYP2E1

Uniprot ID:

O18963

Molecular weight:

56827.0

General function:

Inorganic ion transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is a messenger molecule with diverse functions throughout the body. In macrophages, NO mediates tumoricidal and bactericidal actions. Also has nitrosylase activity and mediates cysteine S-nitrosylation of cytoplasmic target proteins such PTGS2/COX2. As component of the iNOS-S100A8/9 transnitrosylase complex involved in the selective inflammatory stimulus-dependent S-nitrosylation of GAPDH implicated in regulation of the GAIT complex activity and probably multiple targets including ANXA5, EZR, MSN and VIM. Involved in inflammation, enhances the synthesis of proinflammatory mediators such as IL6 and IL8.

Gene Name:

NOS2

Uniprot ID:

Q27995

Molecular weight:

131208.0

General function:

Lipid transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Catalyzes the reduction of 3-ketodihydrosphingosine (KDS) to dihydrosphingosine (DHS).

Gene Name:

KDSR

Uniprot ID:

Q2KIJ5

Molecular weight:

36020.0

Reactions

General function:

Lipid transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Reduces all-trans-retinal and 9-cis retinal. Can also catalyze the oxidation of all-trans-retinol with NADP as co-factor, but with much lower efficiency. Reduces alkyl phenyl ketones and alpha-dicarbonyl compounds with aromatic rings, such as pyrimidine-4-aldehyde, 3-benzoylpyridine, 4-benzoylpyridine, menadione and 4-hexanoylpyridine. Has no activity towards aliphatic aldehydes and ketones (By similarity).

Gene Name:

DHRS4

Uniprot ID:

Q8SPU8

Molecular weight:

29440.0

General function:

Nucleotide transport and metabolism

Specific function:

May provide the missing metabolic reaction required to link the mitochondria and the cytoplasm in the mammalian model of one-carbon folate metabolism in embryonic an transformed cells complementing thus the enzymatic activities of MTHFD2.

Gene Name:

MTHFD1L

Uniprot ID:

Q0VCR7

Molecular weight:

105227.0

Reactions

General function:

Inorganic ion transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Essential hepatic enzyme that catalyzes the oxygenation of a wide variety of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds including drugs as well as dietary compounds. Plays an important role in the metabolism of trimethylamine (TMA), via the production of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) metabolite. TMA is generated by the action of gut microbiota using dietary precursors such as choline, choline containing compounds, betaine or L-carnitine. By regulating TMAO concentration, FMO3 directly impacts both platelet responsiveness and rate of thrombus formation.

Gene Name:

FMO3

Uniprot ID:

Q8HYJ9

Molecular weight:

60093.0

General function:

Lipid transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Critical branch point enzyme of isoprenoid biosynthesis that is thought to regulate the flux of isoprene intermediates through the sterol pathway.

Gene Name:

FDFT1

Uniprot ID:

Q32KR6

Molecular weight:

48304.0

Reactions

General function:

Carbohydrate transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of 6-phosphogluconate to ribulose 5-phosphate and CO(2), with concomitant reduction of NADP to NADPH.

Gene Name:

PGD

Uniprot ID:

Q3ZCI4

Molecular weight:

53077.0

General function:

Secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism

Specific function:

Fatty acid synthetase catalyzes the formation of long-chain fatty acids from acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA and NADPH. This multifunctional protein has 7 catalytic activities as an acyl carrier protein.

Gene Name:

FASN

Uniprot ID:

Q71SP7

Molecular weight:

274554.0

General function:

Lipid transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Catalyzes the final one or two reductions in tetra-hydrobiopterin biosynthesis to form 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin.

Gene Name:

SPR

Uniprot ID:

Q17QK8

Molecular weight:

28939.0

Reactions

General function:

Involved in binding

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

DHDH

Uniprot ID:

Q148L6

Molecular weight:

36583.0

General function:

Nucleotide transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Catalyzes the irreversible NADPH-dependent deamination of GMP to IMP. It functions in the conversion of nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide derivatives of G to A nucleotides, and in maintaining the intracellular balance of A and G nucleotides (Probable). Plays a role in modulating cellular differentiation (By similarity).

Gene Name:

GMPR2

Uniprot ID:

Q32L93

Molecular weight:

38033.0

Reactions

General function:

Energy production and conversion

Specific function:

Plays a role in intermediary metabolism and energy production. It may tightly associate or interact with the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

Gene Name:

IDH2

Uniprot ID:

Q04467

Molecular weight:

50739.0

General function:

Energy production and conversion

Specific function:

Involved in the control of reactive oxygen species levels and the regulation of mitochondrial redox homeostasis (By similarity). Maintains thioredoxin in a reduced state. May play a role in redox-regulated cell signaling.

Gene Name:

TXNRD2

Uniprot ID:

Q9N2I8

Molecular weight:

54670.0

Reactions

General function:

Energy production and conversion

Specific function:

May act as a corneal epithelial crystallin and may be involved in maintaining corneal epithelial transparency.

Gene Name:

IDH1

Uniprot ID:

Q9XSG3

Molecular weight:

46785.0

Reactions

General function:

Energy production and conversion

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

TXNRD1

Uniprot ID:

O62768

Molecular weight:

54770.0

General function:

Cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis

Specific function:

Broad specificity oxidoreductase that catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of a variety of flavins, such as riboflavin, FAD or FMN, biliverdins, methemoglobin and PQQ (pyrroloquinoline quinone). Contributes to heme catabolism and metabolizes linear tetrapyrroles. Can also reduce the complexed Fe(3+) iron to Fe(2+) in the presence of FMN and NADPH. In the liver, converts biliverdin to bilirubin.

Gene Name:

BLVRB

Uniprot ID:

P52556

Molecular weight:

22132.0

General function:

Lipid transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of several pentoses, tetroses, trioses, alpha-dicarbonyl compounds and L-xylulose. Participates in the uronate cycle of glucose metabolism. May play a role in the water absorption and cellular osmoregulation in the proximal renal tubules by producing xylitol, an osmolyte, thereby preventing osmolytic stress from occurring in the renal tubules (By similarity).

Gene Name:

DCXR

Uniprot ID:

Q1JP75

Molecular weight:

25650.0

General function:

Lipid transport and metabolism

Specific function:

The product of this enzyme, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH-4), is an essential cofactor for phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan hydroxylases.

Gene Name:

QDPR

Uniprot ID:

Q3T0Z7

Molecular weight:

25504.0

Reactions

General function:

Energy production and conversion

Specific function:

Can convert/oxidize retinaldehyde to retinoic acid. Binds free retinal and cellular retinol-binding protein-bound retinal. May have a broader specificity and oxidize other aldehydes in vivo.

Gene Name:

ALDH1A1

Uniprot ID:

P48644

Molecular weight:

54806.0

Reactions

General function:

Lipid transport and metabolism

Specific function:

NADPH-dependent reductase with broad substrate specificity. Catalyzes the reduction of a wide variety of carbonyl compounds including quinones, prostaglandins, menadione, plus various xenobiotics. Catalyzes the reduction of the antitumor anthracyclines doxorubicin and daunorubicin to the cardiotoxic compounds doxorubicinol and daunorubicinol. Can convert prostaglandin E2 to prostaglandin F2-alpha. Can bind glutathione, which explains its higher affinity for glutathione-conjugated substrates. Catalyzes the reduction of S-nitrosoglutathione (By similarity).

Gene Name:

CBR1

Uniprot ID:

Q3SZD7

Molecular weight:

30533.0

Reactions

General function:

Energy production and conversion

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

MDH1

Uniprot ID:

Q3T145

Molecular weight:

36438.0

Reactions

General function:

Lipid transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Catalyzes the conversion of cortisol to the inactive metabolite cortisone. Modulates intracellular glucocorticoid levels, thus protecting the nonselective mineralocorticoid receptor from occupation by glucocorticoids. Affinity towards corticosterone is higher than cortisol or dexamethasone.

Gene Name:

HSD11B2

Uniprot ID:

O77667

Molecular weight:

43987.0

Reactions

General function:

Amino acid transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the first two steps in lysine degradation. The N-terminal and the C-terminal contain lysine-oxoglutarate reductase and saccharopine dehydrogenase activity, respectively (By similarity).

Gene Name:

AASS

Uniprot ID:

A8E657

Molecular weight:

102084.0

Reactions

General function:

Amino acid transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Involved in pyrimidine base degradation. Catalyzes the reduction of uracil and thymine.

Gene Name:

DPYD

Uniprot ID:

Q28007

Molecular weight:

111697.0

Reactions

General function:

Lipid transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Retinol dehydrogenase with a clear preference for NADP. Converts all-trans-retinal to all-trans-retinol. May play a role in the regeneration of visual pigment at high light intensity.

Gene Name:

RDH8

Uniprot ID:

Q9N126

Molecular weight:

33956.0

Reactions

General function:

Lipid transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Retinol dehydrogenase with a clear preference for NADP. Converts all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal. Has no detectable activity towards 11-cis-retinol, 9-cis-retinol and 13-cis-retinol (By similarity).

Gene Name:

RDH10

Uniprot ID:

Q8HZT6

Molecular weight:

38087.0

General function:

Involved in 20-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity

Specific function:

Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of a wide variety of carbonyl-containing compounds to their corresponding alcohols. Displays enzymatic activity towards endogenous metabolites such as aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, ketones, monosacharides, bile acids and xenobiotics substrates. Key enzyme in the polyol pathway, catalyzes reduction of glucose to sorbitol during hyperglycemia. Reduces steroids and their derivatives and prostaglandins. Displays low enzymatic activity toward all-trans-retinal, 9-cis-retinal, and 13-cis-retinal. Catalyzes the reduction of diverse phospholipid aldehydes such as 1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)-sn -glycero-3-phosphoethanolamin (POVPC) and related phospholipid aldehydes that are generated from the oxydation of phosphotidylcholine and phosphatdyleethanolamides. Plays a role in detoxifying dietary and lipid-derived unsaturated carbonyls, such as crotonaldehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal, trans-2-hexenal, trans-2,4-hexadienal and their glutathione-conjugates carbonyls (GS-carbonyls).

Gene Name:

AKR1B1

Uniprot ID:

P16116

Molecular weight:

35919.0

Reactions

General function:

Coenzyme transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Key enzyme in folate metabolism. Contributes to the de novo mitochondrial thymidylate biosynthesis pathway. Catalyzes an essential reaction for de novo glycine and purine synthesis, and for DNA precursor synthesis. Binds its own mRNA and that of DHFR2 (By similarity).

Gene Name:

DHFR

Uniprot ID:

P00376

Molecular weight:

21604.0

Reactions

General function:

Inorganic ion transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

FMO2

Uniprot ID:

Q0P566

Molecular weight:

47665.0

General function:

Involved in FAD binding

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

FMO3

Uniprot ID:

Q8HYK2

Molecular weight:

2519.0

General function:

Amino acid transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Serves as the first electron transfer protein in all the mitochondrial P450 systems including cholesterol side chain cleavage in all steroidogenic tissues, steroid 11-beta hydroxylation in the adrenal cortex, 25-OH-vitamin D3-24 hydroxylation in the kidney, and sterol C-27 hydroxylation in the liver.

Gene Name:

FDXR

Uniprot ID:

P08165

Molecular weight:

54338.0

General function:

Inorganic ion transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

FMO3

Uniprot ID:

Q8HYK1

Molecular weight:

11349.0

General function:

Involved in FAD binding

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

FMO3

Uniprot ID:

Q8HYK4

Molecular weight:

5588.0

General function:

Involved in FAD binding

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

FMO3

Uniprot ID:

Q8HYK3

Molecular weight:

6318.0

General function:

Inorganic ion transport and metabolism

Specific function:

This enzyme is required for electron transfer from NADP to cytochrome P450 in microsomes. It can also provide electron transfer to heme oxygenase and cytochrome B5.

Gene Name:

POR

Uniprot ID:

Q3SYT8

Molecular weight:

77021.0

General function:

Involved in FAD binding

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

FMO3

Uniprot ID:

Q8HYK0

Molecular weight:

7526.0

General function:

Energy production and conversion

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

trxr3

Uniprot ID:

Q9GKW9

Molecular weight:

13877.0

General function:

Involved in 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase activity

Specific function:

Production of cholesterol by reduction of C7-C8 double bond of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC).

Gene Name:

DHCR7

Uniprot ID:

Q5E9J5

Molecular weight:

54271.0

General function:

Involved in alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Specific function:

Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of a wide variety of carbonyl-containing compounds to their corresponding alcohols. Displays enzymatic activity towards endogenous metabolites such as aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, ketones, monosaccharides and bile acids, with a preference for negatively charged substrates, such as glucuronate and succinic semialdehyde (By similarity). Plays an important role in ascorbic acid biosynthesis by catalyzing the reduction of D-glucuronic acid and D-glucurono-gamma-lactone (By similarity). Functions as a detoxifiying enzyme by reducing a range of toxic aldehydes. Reduces methylglyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosone, which are present at elevated levels under hyperglycemic conditions and are cytotoxic. Involved also in the detoxification of lipid-derived aldehydes like acrolein (By similarity). Plays a role in the activation of procarcinogens, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon trans-dihydrodiols, and in the metabolism of various xenobiotics and drugs (By similarity). Displays no reductase activity towards retinoids (By similarity).

Gene Name:

AKR1A1

Uniprot ID:

Q3ZCJ2

Molecular weight:

36617.0

General function:

Energy production and conversion

Specific function:

Oxidizes medium and long chain saturated and unsaturated aldehydes. Metabolizes also benzaldehyde. Low activity towards acetaldehyde and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde. May not metabolize short chain aldehydes. Can use both NADP(+) and NAD(+) as electron acceptor. May have a protective role against the cytotoxicity induced by lipid peroxidation.

Gene Name:

ALDH3B1

Uniprot ID:

Q1JPA0

Molecular weight:

51800.0

Reactions

General function:

Carbohydrate transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

H6PD

Uniprot ID:

Q0P587

Molecular weight:

31064.0

General function:

Involved in prostaglandin-F synthase activity

Specific function:

Catalyzes the reduction of PGD(2) and PGH(2) to PGF(2 alpha) and a stereoisomer, respectively. It has a broad substrate specificity and reduces also other carbonyl compounds.

Gene Name:

Not Available

Uniprot ID:

P05980

Molecular weight:

36720.0

General function:

Secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism

Specific function:

Catalyzes the reduction of saturated but not unsaturated C16 or C18 fatty acyl-CoA to fatty alcohols. A lower activity can be observed with shorter fatty acyl-CoA substrates. It may play a role in the production of ether lipids/plasmalogens and wax monoesters which synthesis requires fatty alcohols as substrates.

Gene Name:

FAR2

Uniprot ID:

Q0P5J1

Molecular weight:

59077.0

General function:

Involved in prostaglandin-F synthase activity

Specific function:

Catalyzes the reduction of PGD(2) and PGH(2) to PGF(2 alpha) and a stereoisomer, respectively. It has a broad substrate specificity and reduces also other carbonyl compounds.

Gene Name:

Not Available

Uniprot ID:

P52897

Molecular weight:

36742.0