Showing metabocard for ADP (BMDB0001341)
Record Information | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Version | 1.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Creation Date | 2016-09-30 22:44:24 UTC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Update Date | 2020-06-04 18:58:17 UTC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
BMDB ID | BMDB0001341 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Secondary Accession Numbers |
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Metabolite Identification | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Common Name | ADP | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Description | Adp, also known as H3ADP or magnesium ADP, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside diphosphates. These are purine ribobucleotides with diphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety. Adp is possibly soluble (in water) and a strong basic compound (based on its pKa). Adp exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Adp is a potentially toxic compound. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Structure | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Synonyms |
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Chemical Formula | C10H15N5O10P2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Average Molecular Weight | 427.2011 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 427.029414749 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IUPAC Name | [({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]phosphonic acid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Traditional Name | adenosine-diphosphate | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CAS Registry Number | 58-64-0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SMILES | NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C10H15N5O10P2/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(24-10)1-23-27(21,22)25-26(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
InChI Key | XTWYTFMLZFPYCI-KQYNXXCUSA-N | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chemical Taxonomy | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Description | belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside diphosphates. These are purine ribobucleotides with diphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kingdom | Organic compounds | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Super Class | Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Class | Purine nucleotides | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sub Class | Purine ribonucleotides | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Direct Parent | Purine ribonucleoside diphosphates | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Alternative Parents |
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Substituents |
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Molecular Framework | Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
External Descriptors |
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Ontology | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Status | Detected and Quantified | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Origin |
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Biofunction | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Application | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cellular locations |
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Physical Properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
State | Solid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Experimental Properties |
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Predicted Properties |
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Spectra | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spectra | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Biological Properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cellular Locations |
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Biospecimen Locations |
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Pathways | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Normal Concentrations | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Abnormal Concentrations | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
External Links | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
HMDB ID | HMDB0001341 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
DrugBank ID | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
FooDB ID | FDB021817 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
KNApSAcK ID | C00019353 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chemspider ID | 5800 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
KEGG Compound ID | C00008 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
BioCyc ID | ADP | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
BiGG ID | 33496 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Wikipedia Link | Adenosine_diphosphate | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
METLIN ID | 6175 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PubChem Compound | 6022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PDB ID | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ChEBI ID | 16761 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
References | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Synthesis Reference | Yamagata, Yukio. Prebiotic formation of ADP and ATP from AMP, calcium phosphates and cyanate in aqueous solution. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere (1999), 29(5), 511-520. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General References |
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Only showing the first 50 proteins. There are 213 proteins in total.
Enzymes
- General function:
- Involved in ATP binding
- Specific function:
- Kinase that can phosphorylate various inositol polyphosphate such as Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 or Ins(1,3,4)P3. Phosphorylates Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 at position 1 to form Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5. This reaction is thought to have regulatory importance, since Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 is an inhibitor of plasma membrane Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channels, while Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 is not. Also acts as an inositol polyphosphate phosphatase that dephosphorylate Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 and Ins(1,3,4,6)P4 to Ins(1,3,4)P3, and Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 to Ins(3,4,5,6)P4. May also act as an isomerase that interconverts the inositol tetrakisphosphate isomers Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 and Ins(1,3,4,6)P4 in the presence of ADP and magnesium. Probably acts as the rate-limiting enzyme of the InsP6 pathway. Modifies TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis by interfering with the activation of TNFRSF1A-associated death domain (By similarity). Also phosphorylates Ins(1,3,4)P3 on O-5 and O-6 to form Ins(1,3,4,6)P4, an essential molecule in the hexakisphosphate (InsP6) pathway. Plays an important role in MLKL-mediated necroptosis. Produces highly phosphorylated inositol phosphates such as inositolhexakisphosphate (InsP6) which bind to MLKL mediating the release of an N-terminal auto-inhibitory region leading to its activation. Essential for activated phospho-MLKL to oligomerize and localize to the cell membrane during necroptosis (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- ITPK1
- Uniprot ID:
- P0C0T1
- Molecular weight:
- 45842.0
Reactions
Inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + ADP → D-Myo-inositol 3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate + Adenosine triphosphate | details |
Adenosine triphosphate + Inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate → ADP + 1D-Myo-inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate | details |
Inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + Adenosine triphosphate → Inositol 1,3,4,5-tetraphosphate + ADP | details |
- General function:
- Lipid transport and metabolism
- Specific function:
- Performs the first committed step in the biosynthesis of isoprenes.
- Gene Name:
- MVD
- Uniprot ID:
- Q0P570
- Molecular weight:
- 43732.0
Reactions
Adenosine triphosphate + 5-Diphosphomevalonic acid → ADP + Hydrogen phosphate + Isopentenyl pyrophosphate + Carbon dioxide | details |
- General function:
- Nucleotide transport and metabolism
- Specific function:
- May provide the missing metabolic reaction required to link the mitochondria and the cytoplasm in the mammalian model of one-carbon folate metabolism in embryonic an transformed cells complementing thus the enzymatic activities of MTHFD2.
- Gene Name:
- MTHFD1L
- Uniprot ID:
- Q0VCR7
- Molecular weight:
- 105227.0
- General function:
- Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones
- Specific function:
- ADP-ribose glycohydrolase that preferentially hydrolyzes the scissile alpha-O-linkage attached to the anomeric C1'' position of ADP-ribose and acts on different substrates, such as proteins ADP-ribosylated on serine, free poly(ADP-ribose) and O-acetyl-ADP-D-ribose. Specifically acts as a serine mono-ADP-ribosylhydrolase by mediating the removal of mono-ADP-ribose attached to serine residues on proteins, thereby playing a key role in DNA damage response. Serine ADP-ribosylation of proteins constitutes the primary form of ADP-ribosylation of proteins in response to DNA damage. Does not hydrolyze ADP-ribosyl-arginine, -cysteine, -diphthamide, or -asparagine bonds. Also able to degrade protein free poly(ADP-ribose), which is synthesized in response to DNA damage: free poly(ADP-ribose) acts as a potent cell death signal and its degradation by ADPRHL2 protects cells from poly(ADP-ribose)-dependent cell death, a process named parthanatos. Also hydrolyzes free poly(ADP-ribose) in mitochondria. Specifically digests O-acetyl-ADP-D-ribose, a product of deacetylation reactions catalyzed by sirtuins. Specifically degrades 1''-O-acetyl-ADP-D-ribose isomer, rather than 2''-O-acetyl-ADP-D-ribose or 3''-O-acetyl-ADP-D-ribose isomers.
- Gene Name:
- ADPRS
- Uniprot ID:
- Q3SYV9
- Molecular weight:
- 39221.0
- General function:
- Involved in ADP-ribose diphosphatase activity
- Specific function:
- Hydrolyzes ADP-ribose, IDP-ribose, CDP-glycerol, CDP-choline and CDP-ethanolamine, but not other non-reducing ADP-sugars or CDP-glucose. May be involved in immune cell signaling as suggested by the second-messenger role of ADP-ribose, which activates TRPM2 as a mediator of oxidative/nitrosative stress (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- ADPRM
- Uniprot ID:
- A7YY53
- Molecular weight:
- 39235.0
- General function:
- Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones
- Specific function:
- Specifically acts as a arginine mono-ADP-ribosylhydrolase by mediating the removal of mono-ADP-ribose attached to arginine residues on proteins.
- Gene Name:
- ADPRH
- Uniprot ID:
- Q32KR8
- Molecular weight:
- 39152.0
- General function:
- Involved in poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase activity
- Specific function:
- Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase that degrades poly(ADP-ribose) by hydrolyzing the ribose-ribose bonds present in poly(ADP-ribose) (PubMed:15658938). PARG acts both as an endo- and exoglycosidase, releasing poly(ADP-ribose) of different length as well as ADP-ribose monomers. It is however unable to cleave the ester bond between the terminal ADP-ribose and ADP-ribosylated residues, leaving proteins that are mono-ADP-ribosylated. Poly(ADP-ribose) is synthesized after DNA damage is only present transiently and is rapidly degraded by PARG. Required to prevent detrimental accumulation of poly(ADP-ribose) upon prolonged replicative stress, while it is not required for recovery from transient replicative stress. Required for retinoid acid-dependent gene transactivation, probably by removing poly(ADP-ribose) from histone demethylase KDM4D, allowing chromatin derepression at RAR-dependent gene promoters. Involved in the synthesis of ATP in the nucleus, together with PARP1, NMNAT1 and NUDT5. Nuclear ATP generation is required for extensive chromatin remodeling events that are energy-consuming (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- PARG
- Uniprot ID:
- O02776
- Molecular weight:
- 110837.0
- General function:
- Involved in ATP binding
- Specific function:
- Retina-specific kinase involved in the shutoff of the photoresponse and adaptation to changing light conditions via cone opsin phosphorylation, including rhodopsin (RHO).
- Gene Name:
- GRK7
- Uniprot ID:
- Q8WMV0
- Molecular weight:
- 62125.0
- General function:
- Defense mechanisms
- Specific function:
- Epithelial ion channel that plays an important role in the regulation of epithelial ion and water transport and fluid homeostasis. Mediates the transport of chloride ions across the cell membrane (By similarity). Channel activity is coupled to ATP hydrolysis. The ion channel is also permeable to HCO(3-); selectivity depends on the extracellular chloride concentration. Exerts its function also by modulating the activity of other ion channels and transporters. Contributes to the regulation of the pH and the ion content of the epithelial fluid layer. Modulates the activity of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) complex, in part by regulating the cell surface expression of the ENaC complex. May regulate bicarbonate secretion and salvage in epithelial cells by regulating the transporter SLC4A7. Can inhibit the chloride channel activity of ANO1 (By similarity). Plays a role in the chloride and bicarbonate homeostasis during sperm epididymal maturation and capacitation (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- CFTR
- Uniprot ID:
- P35071
- Molecular weight:
- 167758.0
- General function:
- Carbohydrate transport and metabolism
- Specific function:
- Synthesis and degradation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate.
- Gene Name:
- PFKFB1
- Uniprot ID:
- P49872
- Molecular weight:
- 54657.0
- General function:
- Involved in ATP binding
- Specific function:
- Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase that plays a role in many biological processes including regulation of cell growth and survival, cell adhesion, integrin-mediated signaling, cytoskeletal remodeling, cell motility, immune response and axon guidance. Inactive FYN is phosphorylated on its C-terminal tail within the catalytic domain. Following activation by PKA, the protein subsequently associates with PTK2/FAK1, allowing PTK2/FAK1 phosphorylation, activation and targeting to focal adhesions. Involved in the regulation of cell adhesion and motility through phosphorylation of CTNNB1 (beta-catenin) and CTNND1 (delta-catenin). Regulates cytoskeletal remodeling by phosphorylating several proteins including the actin regulator WAS and the microtubule-associated proteins MAP2 and MAPT. Promotes cell survival by phosphorylating AGAP2/PIKE-A and preventing its apoptotic cleavage. Participates in signal transduction pathways that regulate the integrity of the glomerular slit diaphragm (an essential part of the glomerular filter of the kidney) by phosphorylating several slit diaphragm components including NPHS1, KIRREL1 and TRPC6. Plays a role in neural processes by phosphorylating DPYSL2, a multifunctional adapter protein within the central nervous system, ARHGAP32, a regulator for Rho family GTPases implicated in various neural functions, and SNCA, a small pre-synaptic protein. Participates in the downstream signaling pathways that lead to T-cell differentiation and proliferation following T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. Phosphorylates PTK2B/PYK2 in response to T-cell receptor activation. Also participates in negative feedback regulation of TCR signaling through phosphorylation of PAG1, thereby promoting interaction between PAG1 and CSK and recruitment of CSK to lipid rafts. CSK maintains LCK and FYN in an inactive form. Promotes CD28-induced phosphorylation of VAV1. In mast cells, phosphorylates CLNK after activation of immunoglobulin epsilon receptor signaling (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- FYN
- Uniprot ID:
- A0JNB0
- Molecular weight:
- 60718.0
- General function:
- Signal transduction mechanisms
- Specific function:
- Catalyzes the phosphorylation and inactivation of the branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex, the key regulatory enzyme of the valine, leucine and isoleucine catabolic pathways. Key enzyme that regulate the activity state of the BCKD complex.
- Gene Name:
- BCKDK
- Uniprot ID:
- Q2KJG8
- Molecular weight:
- 46438.0
- General function:
- Involved in ATP binding
- Specific function:
- Receptor tyrosine kinase which mediates actions of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1). Binds IGF1 with high affinity and IGF2 and insulin (INS) with a lower affinity. The activated IGF1R is involved in cell growth and survival control. IGF1R is crucial for tumor transformation and survival of malignant cell. Ligand binding activates the receptor kinase, leading to receptor autophosphorylation, and tyrosines phosphorylation of multiple substrates, that function as signaling adapter proteins including, the insulin-receptor substrates (IRS1/2), Shc and 14-3-3 proteins. Phosphorylation of IRSs proteins lead to the activation of two main signaling pathways: the PI3K-AKT/PKB pathway and the Ras-MAPK pathway. The result of activating the MAPK pathway is increased cellular proliferation, whereas activating the PI3K pathway inhibits apoptosis and stimulates protein synthesis. Phosphorylated IRS1 can activate the 85 kDa regulatory subunit of PI3K (PIK3R1), leading to activation of several downstream substrates, including protein AKT/PKB. AKT phosphorylation, in turn, enhances protein synthesis through mTOR activation and triggers the antiapoptotic effects of IGFIR through phosphorylation and inactivation of BAD. In parallel to PI3K-driven signaling, recruitment of Grb2/SOS by phosphorylated IRS1 or Shc leads to recruitment of Ras and activation of the ras-MAPK pathway. In addition to these two main signaling pathways IGF1R signals also through the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway (JAK/STAT). Phosphorylation of JAK proteins can lead to phosphorylation/activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) proteins. In particular activation of STAT3, may be essential for the transforming activity of IGF1R. The JAK/STAT pathway activates gene transcription and may be responsible for the transforming activity. JNK kinases can also be activated by the IGF1R. IGF1 exerts inhibiting activities on JNK activation via phosphorylation and inhibition of MAP3K5/ASK1, which is able to directly associate with the IGF1R (By similarity). When present in a hybrid receptor with INSR, binds IGF1 (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- IGF1R
- Uniprot ID:
- Q05688
- Molecular weight:
- 72511.0
- General function:
- Inorganic ion transport and metabolism
- Specific function:
- This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates the electrochemical gradient of sodium and potassium ions, providing the energy for active transport of various nutrients.
- Gene Name:
- ATP1A1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q08DA1
- Molecular weight:
- 112643.0
- General function:
- Involved in activin receptor activity
- Specific function:
- On ligand binding, forms a receptor complex consisting of two type II and two type I transmembrane serine/threonine kinases. Type II receptors phosphorylate and activate type I receptors which autophosphorylate, then bind and activate SMAD transcriptional regulators. Receptor for activin A, activin B and inhibin A. Mediates induction of adipogenesis by GDF6.
- Gene Name:
- ACVR2A
- Uniprot ID:
- Q28043
- Molecular weight:
- 57952.0
- General function:
- Inorganic ion transport and metabolism
- Specific function:
- ATPase required for the post-translational delivery of tail-anchored (TA) proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum. Recognizes and selectively binds the transmembrane domain of TA proteins in the cytosol. This complex then targets to the endoplasmic reticulum by membrane-bound receptors, where the tail-anchored protein is released for insertion. This process is regulated by ATP binding and hydrolysis. ATP binding drives the homodimer towards the closed dimer state, facilitating recognition of newly synthesized TA membrane proteins. ATP hydrolysis is required for insertion. Subsequently, the homodimer reverts towards the open dimer state, lowering its affinity for the membrane-bound receptor, and returning it to the cytosol to initiate a new round of targeting.
- Gene Name:
- GET3
- Uniprot ID:
- A5PJI5
- Molecular weight:
- 38793.0
- General function:
- Amino acid transport and metabolism
- Specific function:
- Glutamine synthetase that catalyzes the ATP-dependent conversion of glutamate and ammonia to glutamine (By similarity). Its role depends on tissue localization: in the brain, it regulates the levels of toxic ammonia and converts neurotoxic glutamate to harmless glutamine, whereas in the liver, it is one of the enzymes responsible for the removal of ammonia (By similarity). Essential for proliferation of fetal skin fibroblasts. Independently of its glutamine synthetase activity, required for endothelial cell migration during vascular development: acts by regulating membrane localization and activation of the GTPase RHOJ, possibly by promoting RHOJ palmitoylation. May act as a palmitoyltransferase for RHOJ: able to autopalmitoylate and then transfer the palmitoyl group to RHOJ (By similarity). Plays a role in ribosomal 40S subunit biogenesis (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- GLUL
- Uniprot ID:
- P15103
- Molecular weight:
- 42031.0
- General function:
- Involved in activin receptor activity
- Specific function:
- Transmembrane serine/threonine kinase activin type-2 receptor forming an activin receptor complex with activin type-1 serine/threonine kinase receptors (ACVR1, ACVR1B or ACVR1c). Transduces the activin signal from the cell surface to the cytoplasm and is thus regulating many physiological and pathological processes including neuronal differentiation and neuronal survival, hair follicle development and cycling, FSH production by the pituitary gland, wound healing, extracellular matrix production, immunosuppression and carcinogenesis. Activin is also thought to have a paracrine or autocrine role in follicular development in the ovary. Within the receptor complex, the type-2 receptors act as a primary activin receptors (binds activin-A/INHBA, activin-B/INHBB as well as inhibin-A/INHA-INHBA). The type-1 receptors like ACVR1B act as downstream transducers of activin signals. Activin binds to type-2 receptor at the plasma membrane and activates its serine-threonine kinase. The activated receptor type-2 then phosphorylates and activates the type-1 receptor. Once activated, the type-1 receptor binds and phosphorylates the SMAD proteins SMAD2 and SMAD3, on serine residues of the C-terminal tail. Soon after their association with the activin receptor and subsequent phosphorylation, SMAD2 and SMAD3 are released into the cytoplasm where they interact with the common partner SMAD4. This SMAD complex translocates into the nucleus where it mediates activin-induced transcription. Inhibitory SMAD7, which is recruited to ACVR1B through FKBP1A, can prevent the association of SMAD2 and SMAD3 with the activin receptor complex, thereby blocking the activin signal. Activin signal transduction is also antagonized by the binding to the receptor of inhibin-B via the IGSF1 inhibin coreceptor (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- ACVR2B
- Uniprot ID:
- Q95126
- Molecular weight:
- 57569.0
- General function:
- Inorganic ion transport and metabolism
- Specific function:
- This magnesium-dependent enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the transport of calcium.
- Gene Name:
- ATP2C1
- Uniprot ID:
- P57709
- Molecular weight:
- 104780.0
- General function:
- Carbohydrate transport and metabolism
- Specific function:
- Synthesis and degradation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate.
- Gene Name:
- PFKFB3
- Uniprot ID:
- Q28901
- Molecular weight:
- 53584.0
- General function:
- Inorganic ion transport and metabolism
- Specific function:
- Not Available
- Gene Name:
- ATP9B
- Uniprot ID:
- A1A4J6
- Molecular weight:
- 127457.0
- General function:
- Inorganic ion transport and metabolism
- Specific function:
- This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates the electrochemical gradient of sodium and potassium, providing the energy for active transport of various nutrients (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- ATP1A2
- Uniprot ID:
- A2VDL6
- Molecular weight:
- 112179.0
- General function:
- Carbohydrate transport and metabolism
- Specific function:
- Synthesis and degradation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate.
- Gene Name:
- PFKFB2
- Uniprot ID:
- P26285
- Molecular weight:
- 60811.0
- General function:
- Involved in ATP binding
- Specific function:
- Specifically phosphorylates the agonist-occupied form of the beta-adrenergic and closely related receptors, probably inducing a desensitization of them.
- Gene Name:
- GRK3
- Uniprot ID:
- P26818
- Molecular weight:
- 79804.0
- General function:
- Involved in ATP binding
- Specific function:
- Plays a key role in the control of the eukaryotic cell cycle by modulating the centrosome cycle as well as mitotic onset; promotes G2-M transition, and regulates G1 progress and G1-S transition via association with multiple interphase cyclins. Required in higher cells for entry into S-phase and mitosis. Phosphorylates PARVA/actopaxin, APC, AMPH, APC, BARD1, Bcl-xL/BCL2L1, BRCA2, CALD1, CASP8, CDC7, CDC20, CDC25A, CDC25C, CC2D1A, CENPA, CSNK2 proteins/CKII, FZR1/CDH1, CDK7, CEBPB, CHAMP1, DMD/dystrophin, EEF1 proteins/EF-1, EZH2, KIF11/EG5, EGFR, FANCG, FOS, GFAP, GOLGA2/GM130, GRASP1, UBE2A/hHR6A, HIST1H1 proteins/histone H1, HMGA1, HIVEP3/KRC, LMNA, LMNB, LMNC, LBR, LATS1, MAP1B, MAP4, MARCKS, MCM2, MCM4, MKLP1, MYB, NEFH, NFIC, NPC/nuclear pore complex, PITPNM1/NIR2, NPM1, NCL, NUCKS1, NPM1/numatrin, ORC1, PRKAR2A, EEF1E1/p18, EIF3F/p47, p53/TP53, NONO/p54NRB, PAPOLA, PLEC/plectin, RB1, TPPP, UL40/R2, RAB4A, RAP1GAP, RCC1, RPS6KB1/S6K1, KHDRBS1/SAM68, ESPL1, SKI, BIRC5/survivin, STIP1, TEX14, beta-tubulins, MAPT/TAU, NEDD1, VIM/vimentin, TK1, FOXO1, RUNX1/AML1, SAMHD1, SIRT2 and RUNX2. CDK1/CDC2-cyclin-B controls pronuclear union in interphase fertilized eggs. Essential for early stages of embryonic development. During G2 and early mitosis, CDC25A/B/C-mediated dephosphorylation activates CDK1/cyclin complexes which phosphorylate several substrates that trigger at least centrosome separation, Golgi dynamics, nuclear envelope breakdown and chromosome condensation. Once chromosomes are condensed and aligned at the metaphase plate, CDK1 activity is switched off by WEE1- and PKMYT1-mediated phosphorylation to allow sister chromatid separation, chromosome decondensation, reformation of the nuclear envelope and cytokinesis. Inactivated by PKR/EIF2AK2- and WEE1-mediated phosphorylation upon DNA damage to stop cell cycle and genome replication at the G2 checkpoint thus facilitating DNA repair. Reactivated after successful DNA repair through WIP1-dependent signaling leading to CDC25A/B/C-mediated dephosphorylation and restoring cell cycle progression. In proliferating cells, CDK1-mediated FOXO1 phosphorylation at the G2-M phase represses FOXO1 interaction with 14-3-3 proteins and thereby promotes FOXO1 nuclear accumulation and transcription factor activity, leading to cell death of postmitotic neurons. The phosphorylation of beta-tubulins regulates microtubule dynamics during mitosis. NEDD1 phosphorylation promotes PLK1-mediated NEDD1 phosphorylation and subsequent targeting of the gamma-tubulin ring complex (gTuRC) to the centrosome, an important step for spindle formation. In addition, CC2D1A phosphorylation regulates CC2D1A spindle pole localization and association with SCC1/RAD21 and centriole cohesion during mitosis. The phosphorylation of Bcl-xL/BCL2L1 after prolongated G2 arrest upon DNA damage triggers apoptosis. In contrast, CASP8 phosphorylation during mitosis prevents its activation by proteolysis and subsequent apoptosis. This phosphorylation occurs in cancer cell lines, as well as in primary breast tissues and lymphocytes. EZH2 phosphorylation promotes H3K27me3 maintenance and epigenetic gene silencing. CALD1 phosphorylation promotes Schwann cell migration during peripheral nerve regeneration. CDK1-cyclin-B complex phosphorylates NCKAP5L and mediates its dissociation from centrosomes during mitosis. Regulates the amplitude of the cyclic expression of the core clock gene ARNTL/BMAL1 by phosphorylating its transcriptional repressor NR1D1, and this phosphorylation is necessary for SCF(FBXW7)-mediated ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of NR1D1 (By similarity). Interacts with proteasome subunit PSMA8; to participate in meiosis progression during spermatogenesis (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- CDK1
- Uniprot ID:
- P48734
- Molecular weight:
- 34025.0
- General function:
- Coenzyme transport and metabolism
- Specific function:
- Catalyzes conversion of folates to polyglutamate derivatives allowing concentration of folate compounds in the cell and the intracellular retention of these cofactors, which are important substrates for most of the folate-dependent enzymes that are involved in one-carbon transfer reactions involved in purine, pyrimidine and amino acid synthesis.
- Gene Name:
- FPGS
- Uniprot ID:
- A6H751
- Molecular weight:
- 64900.0
Reactions
Tetrahydrofolic acid + L-Glutamic acid + Adenosine triphosphate → Tetrahydrofolyl-[Glu](2) + ADP + Hydrogen phosphate | details |
Tetrahydrofolyl-[Glu](2) + Adenosine triphosphate + L-Glutamic acid → Tetrahydrofolyl-[Glu](n) + ADP + Hydrogen phosphate | details |
- General function:
- Involved in ATP binding
- Specific function:
- Not Available
- Gene Name:
- ITK
- Uniprot ID:
- A7Z039
- Molecular weight:
- 72069.0
- General function:
- Energy production and conversion
- Specific function:
- Catalyzes the cleavage of citrate into oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA, the latter serving as common substrate for de novo cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis.
- Gene Name:
- ACLY
- Uniprot ID:
- Q32PF2
- Molecular weight:
- 119789.0
Reactions
Coenzyme A + Citric acid + Adenosine triphosphate → Oxalacetic acid + ADP + Acetyl-CoA | details |
- General function:
- Involved in ATP binding
- Specific function:
- Serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates preferentially the activated forms of a variety of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Such receptor phosphorylation initiates beta-arrestin-mediated receptor desensitization, internalization, and signaling events leading to their down-regulation. Phosphorylates a variety of GPCRs, including adrenergic receptors (Beta-2 adrenergic receptor), muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (more specifically Gi-coupled M2/M4 subtypes), dopamine receptors and opioid receptors. In addition to GPCRs, also phosphorylates various substrates: Hsc70-interacting protein/ST13, TP53/p53, HDAC5, and arrestin-1/ARRB1. Phosphorylation of ARRB1 by GRK5 inhibits G-protein independent MAPK1/MAPK3 signaling downstream of 5HT4-receptors. Phosphorylation of HDAC5, a repressor of myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) leading to nuclear export of HDAC5 and allowing MEF2-mediated transcription. Phosphorylation of TP53/p53, a crucial tumor suppressor, inhibits TP53/p53-mediated apoptosis. Phosphorylation of ST13 regulates internalization of the chemokine receptor. Phosphorylates rhodopsin (RHO) (in vitro) and a non G-protein-coupled receptor, LRP6 during Wnt signaling (in vitro) (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- GRK5
- Uniprot ID:
- P43249
- Molecular weight:
- 67889.0
- General function:
- Involved in ATP binding
- Specific function:
- Not Available
- Gene Name:
- YES1
- Uniprot ID:
- A7MB57
- Molecular weight:
- 60597.0
- General function:
- Involved in ATP binding
- Specific function:
- Not Available
- Gene Name:
- FGR
- Uniprot ID:
- A5PKG9
- Molecular weight:
- 59332.0
- General function:
- Involved in ATP binding
- Specific function:
- Not Available
- Gene Name:
- NTRK3
- Uniprot ID:
- A8KC75
- Molecular weight:
- 43129.0
- General function:
- Involved in ATP binding
- Specific function:
- Non-receptor tyrosine-protein and serine/threonine-protein kinase that is implicated in cell spreading and migration, cell survival, cell growth and proliferation. Transduces extracellular signals to cytosolic and nuclear effectors. Phosphorylates AKT1, AR, MCF2, WASL and WWOX. Implicated in trafficking and clathrin-mediated endocytosis through binding to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and clathrin. Binds to both poly- and mono-ubiquitin and regulates ligand-induced degradation of EGFR, thereby contributing to the accumulation of EGFR at the limiting membrane of early endosomes. Downstream effector of CDC42 which mediates CDC42-dependent cell migration via phosphorylation of BCAR1. May be involved both in adult synaptic function and plasticity and in brain development. Activates AKT1 by phosphorylating it on 'Tyr-176'. Phosphorylates AR on 'Tyr-267' and 'Tyr-363' thereby promoting its recruitment to androgen-responsive enhancers (AREs). Phosphorylates WWOX on 'Tyr-287'. Phosphorylates MCF2, thereby enhancing its activity as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) toward Rho family proteins. Contributes to the control of AXL receptor levels. Confers metastatic properties on cancer cells and promotes tumor growth by negatively regulating tumor suppressor such as WWOX and positively regulating pro-survival factors such as AKT1 and AR (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- TNK2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q17R13
- Molecular weight:
- 114868.0
- General function:
- Involved in ATP binding
- Specific function:
- Receptor-proximal protein kinase regulating integrin-mediated signal transduction. May act as a mediator of inside-out integrin signaling. Focal adhesion protein part of the complex ILK-PINCH. This complex is considered to be one of the convergence points of integrin- and growth factor-signaling pathway. Could be implicated in mediating cell architecture, adhesion to integrin substrates and anchorage-dependent growth in epithelial cells. Phosphorylates beta-1 and beta-3 integrin subunit on serine and threonine residues, but also AKT1 and GSK3B.
- Gene Name:
- ILK
- Uniprot ID:
- Q3SWY2
- Molecular weight:
- 51447.0
- General function:
- Energy production and conversion
- Specific function:
- Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Subunits alpha and beta form the catalytic core in F(1). Rotation of the central stalk against the surrounding alpha(3)beta(3) subunits leads to hydrolysis of ATP in three separate catalytic sites on the beta subunits.
- Gene Name:
- ATP5F1B
- Uniprot ID:
- P00829
- Molecular weight:
- 56284.0
- General function:
- Inorganic ion transport and metabolism
- Specific function:
- Not Available
- Gene Name:
- ATP10D
- Uniprot ID:
- A7Z029
- Molecular weight:
- 159526.0
- General function:
- Inorganic ion transport and metabolism
- Specific function:
- May play a role in the transport of aminophospholipids from the outer to the inner leaflet of various membranes and the maintenance of asymmetric distribution of phospholipids, mainly in secretory vesicles.
- Gene Name:
- ATP8A1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q29449
- Molecular weight:
- 130026.0
- General function:
- Involved in ATP binding
- Specific function:
- Not Available
- Gene Name:
- GSS
- Uniprot ID:
- Q5EAC2
- Molecular weight:
- 52066.0
Reactions
Adenosine triphosphate + Gamma-Glutamylcysteine + Glycine → ADP + Hydrogen phosphate + Glutathione | details |
Gamma-Glutamylcysteine + Adenosine triphosphate + Glycine → Glutathione + ADP + Hydrogen phosphate | details |
- General function:
- Involved in ATP binding
- Specific function:
- Protein kinase involved in the regulation of transcription. Member of the cyclin-dependent kinase pair (CDK9/cyclin-T) complex, also called positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb), which facilitates the transition from abortive to productive elongation by phosphorylating the CTD (C-terminal domain) of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) POLR2A, SUPT5H and RDBP. This complex is inactive when in the 7SK snRNP complex form. Phosphorylates EP300, MYOD1, RPB1/POLR2A and AR and the negative elongation factors DSIF and NELF. Regulates cytokine inducible transcription networks by facilitating promoter recognition of target transcription factors (e.g. TNF-inducible RELA/p65 activation and IL-6-inducible STAT3 signaling). Promotes RNA synthesis in genetic programs for cell growth, differentiation and viral pathogenesis. P-TEFb is also involved in cotranscriptional histone modification, mRNA processing and mRNA export. Modulates a complex network of chromatin modifications including histone H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub1), H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and H3K36me3; integrates phosphorylation during transcription with chromatin modifications to control co-transcriptional histone mRNA processing. The CDK9/cyclin-K complex has also a kinase activity towards CTD of RNAP II and can substitute for CDK9/cyclin-T P-TEFb in vitro. Replication stress response protein; the CDK9/cyclin-K complex is required for genome integrity maintenance, by promoting cell cycle recovery from replication arrest and limiting single-stranded DNA amount in response to replication stress, thus reducing the breakdown of stalled replication forks and avoiding DNA damage. In addition, probable function in DNA repair of isoform 2 via interaction with KU70/XRCC6. Promotes cardiac myocyte enlargement. RPB1/POLR2A phosphorylation on 'Ser-2' in CTD activates transcription. AR phosphorylation modulates AR transcription factor promoter selectivity and cell growth. DSIF and NELF phosphorylation promotes transcription by inhibiting their negative effect. The phosphorylation of MYOD1 enhances its transcriptional activity and thus promotes muscle differentiation.
- Gene Name:
- CDK9
- Uniprot ID:
- Q5EAB2
- Molecular weight:
- 42748.0
- General function:
- Involved in ATP binding
- Specific function:
- Not Available
- Gene Name:
- CSF1R
- Uniprot ID:
- A7Z067
- Molecular weight:
- 107353.0
- General function:
- Involved in ATP binding
- Specific function:
- Specifically phosphorylates the agonist-occupied form of the beta-adrenergic and closely related receptors, probably inducing a desensitization of them. Key regulator of LPAR1 signaling. Competes with RALA for binding to LPAR1 thus affecting the signaling properties of the receptor. Desensitizes LPAR1 and LPAR2 in a phosphorylation-independent manner (By similarity). Positively regulates ciliary smoothened (SMO)-dependent Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway by facilitating the trafficking of SMO into the cilium and the stimulation of SMO activity (PubMed:21659505).
- Gene Name:
- GRK2
- Uniprot ID:
- P21146
- Molecular weight:
- 79647.0
- General function:
- Involved in ATP binding
- Specific function:
- Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase that plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, migration and immune response. Phosphorylates tyrosine residues located in the C-terminal tails of Src-family kinases (SFKs) including LCK, SRC, HCK, FYN, LYN, CSK or YES1. Upon tail phosphorylation, Src-family members engage in intramolecular interactions between the phosphotyrosine tail and the SH2 domain that result in an inactive conformation. To inhibit SFKs, CSK is recruited to the plasma membrane via binding to transmembrane proteins or adapter proteins located near the plasma membrane. Suppresses signaling by various surface receptors, including T-cell receptor (TCR) and B-cell receptor (BCR) by phosphorylating and maintaining inactive several positive effectors such as FYN or LCK (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- CSK
- Uniprot ID:
- Q0VBZ0
- Molecular weight:
- 50633.0
- General function:
- Lipid transport and metabolism
- Specific function:
- Cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, the first and rate-limiting step of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis. This is a 2 steps reaction starting with the ATP-dependent carboxylation of the biotin carried by the biotin carboxyl carrier (BCC) domain followed by the transfer of the carboxyl group from carboxylated biotin to acetyl-CoA.
- Gene Name:
- ACACA
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9TTS3
- Molecular weight:
- 265303.0
Reactions
Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen carbonate + Acetyl-CoA → Hydrogen phosphate + ADP + Malonyl-CoA | details |
- General function:
- Involved in activin receptor activity, type I
- Specific function:
- On ligand binding, forms a receptor complex consisting of two type II and two type I transmembrane serine/threonine kinases. Type II receptors phosphorylate and activate type I receptors which autophosphorylate, then bind and activate SMAD transcriptional regulators. Receptor for TGF-beta. May also bind activin.
- Gene Name:
- ACVR1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q28041
- Molecular weight:
- 57190.0
- General function:
- Inorganic ion transport and metabolism
- Specific function:
- Key regulator of striated muscle performance by acting as the major Ca(2+) ATPase responsible for the reuptake of cytosolic Ca(2+) into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the translocation of calcium from the cytosol to the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen (PubMed:22387132). Contributes to calcium sequestration involved in muscular excitation/contraction.
- Gene Name:
- ATP2A1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q0VCY0
- Molecular weight:
- 109290.0
- General function:
- Involved in ATP binding
- Specific function:
- Not Available
- Gene Name:
- JAK1
- Uniprot ID:
- A3KMY9
- Molecular weight:
- 88606.0
- General function:
- Involved in ATP binding
- Specific function:
- This is one of the 2 subunits of the biotin-dependent propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC), a mitochondrial enzyme involved in the catabolism of odd chain fatty acids, branched-chain amino acids isoleucine, threonine, methionine, and valine and other metabolites. Propionyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzes the carboxylation of propionyl-CoA/propanoyl-CoA to D-methylmalonyl-CoA/(S)-methylmalonyl-CoA (By similarity). Within the holoenzyme, the alpha subunit catalyzes the ATP-dependent carboxylation of the biotin carried by the biotin carboxyl carrier (BCC) domain, while the beta subunit then transfers the carboxyl group from carboxylated biotin to propionyl-CoA (By similarity). Propionyl-CoA carboxylase also significantly acts on butyryl-CoA/butanoyl-CoA, which is converted to ethylmalonyl-CoA/(2S)-ethylmalonyl-CoA (By similarity). Other alternative minor substrates include (2E)-butenoyl-CoA/crotonoyl-CoA (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- PCCB
- Uniprot ID:
- Q2TBR0
- Molecular weight:
- 58311.0
Reactions
3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA + Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen carbonate → 3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA + ADP | details |
Propionyl-CoA + Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen carbonate → S-Methylmalonyl-CoA + ADP + Hydrogen phosphate | details |
Propionyl-CoA + Hydrogen carbonate + Adenosine triphosphate → S-Methylmalonyl-CoA + ADP + Hydrogen | details |
- General function:
- Involved in ATP binding
- Specific function:
- Reversibly catalyzes the transfer of phosphate between ATP and various phosphogens (e.g. creatine phosphate). Creatine kinase isoenzymes play a central role in energy transduction in tissues with large, fluctuating energy demands, such as skeletal muscle, heart, brain and spermatozoa (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- CKMT2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q3ZBP1
- Molecular weight:
- 47231.0
- General function:
- Involved in ATP binding
- Specific function:
- Reversibly catalyzes the transfer of phosphate between ATP and various phosphogens (e.g. creatine phosphate). Creatine kinase isoenzymes play a central role in energy transduction in tissues with large, fluctuating energy demands, such as skeletal muscle, heart, brain and spermatozoa (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- CKB
- Uniprot ID:
- Q5EA61
- Molecular weight:
- 42719.0
Reactions
Adenosine triphosphate + Creatine → ADP + Phosphocreatine | details |
- General function:
- Involved in ATP binding
- Specific function:
- Reversibly catalyzes the transfer of phosphate between ATP and various phosphogens (e.g. creatine phosphate). Creatine kinase isoenzymes play a central role in energy transduction in tissues with large, fluctuating energy demands, such as skeletal muscle, heart, brain and spermatozoa (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- CKMT1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9TTK8
- Molecular weight:
- 46897.0
Only showing the first 50 proteins. There are 213 proteins in total.