Showing metabocard for L-Tyrosine (BMDB0000158)

General function:

Signal transduction mechanisms

Specific function:

Involved in the inactivation of MAP kinases. Dephosphorylates ERK, JNK and p38 MAP-kinases (By similarity).

Gene Name:

DUSP14

Uniprot ID:

Q17QM8

Molecular weight:

22237.0

General function:

Signal transduction mechanisms

Specific function:

Inactivates MAPK1 and MAPK3 which leads to dephosphorylation of heat shock factor protein 4 and a reduction in its DNA-binding activity.

Gene Name:

DUSP26

Uniprot ID:

Q17QJ3

Molecular weight:

23767.0

General function:

Signal transduction mechanisms

Specific function:

Dual specificity phosphatase able to dephosphorylate phosphotyrosine, phosphoserine and phosphothreonine residues, with a preference for phosphotyrosine as a substrate.

Gene Name:

DUPD1

Uniprot ID:

P0C591

Molecular weight:

24984.0

General function:

Signal transduction mechanisms

Specific function:

Protein phosphatase involved in the inactivation of MAP kinases. Has a specificity for the MAPK11/MAPK12/MAPK13/MAPK14 subfamily. It preferably dephosphorylates p38.

Gene Name:

DUSP10

Uniprot ID:

Q0IID7

Molecular weight:

52389.0

General function:

Signal transduction mechanisms

Specific function:

Can dephosphorylate single and diphosphorylated synthetic MAPK peptides, with preference for the phosphotyrosine and diphosphorylated forms over phosphothreonine. In vitro, dephosphorylates p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP).

Gene Name:

DUSP18

Uniprot ID:

Q5BIP9

Molecular weight:

21028.0

General function:

Involved in heat shock protein binding

Specific function:

Recruits HSPA8/HSC70 to clathrin-coated vesicles and promotes uncoating of clathrin-coated vesicles (PubMed:15502813). Plays a role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis in neurons (By similarity).

Gene Name:

DNAJC6

Uniprot ID:

Q27974

Molecular weight:

99512.0

General function:

Involved in magnesium ion binding

Specific function:

Functions both as protein phosphatase and as transcriptional coactivator for SIX1, and probably also for SIX2, SIX4 and SIX5. Tyrosine phosphatase that dephosphorylates 'Tyr-142' of histone H2AX (H2AXY142ph) and promotes efficient DNA repair via the recruitment of DNA repair complexes containing MDC1. 'Tyr-142' phosphorylation of histone H2AX plays a central role in DNA repair and acts as a mark that distinguishes between apoptotic and repair responses to genotoxic stress. Its function as histone phosphatase may contribute to its function in transcription regulation during organogenesis. Plays an important role in hypaxial muscle development together with SIX1 and DACH2; in this it is functionally redundant with EYA1.

Gene Name:

EYA2

Uniprot ID:

Q58DB6

Molecular weight:

58807.0

General function:

Signal transduction mechanisms

Specific function:

Inactivates MAP kinases. Has a specificity for the ERK family. Plays an important role in alleviating chronic postoperative pain. Necessary for the normal dephosphorylation of the long-lasting phosphorylated forms of spinal MAPK1/3 and MAP kinase p38 induced by peripheral surgery, which drives the resolution of acute postoperative allodynia. Also important for dephosphorylation of MAPK1/3 in local wound tissue, which further contributes to resolution of acute pain.

Gene Name:

DUSP6

Uniprot ID:

Q2KJ36

Molecular weight:

42307.0

General function:

Involved in protein-tyrosine sulfotransferase activity

Specific function:

Catalyzes the O-sulfation of tyrosine residues within acidic motifs of polypeptides, using 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as cosubstrate.

Gene Name:

TPST2

Uniprot ID:

Q3SYY2

Molecular weight:

41967.0

General function:

Amino acid transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Plays an important role in the physiology of adrenergic neurons.

Gene Name:

TH

Uniprot ID:

P17289

Molecular weight:

55123.0

General function:

Amino acid transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Catalyzes the hydroxylation of L-phenylalanine to L-tyrosine.

Gene Name:

PAH

Uniprot ID:

Q2KIH7

Molecular weight:

51727.0

General function:

Involved in ATP binding

Specific function:

Catalyzes the post-translational addition of a tyrosine to the C-terminal end of detyrosinated alpha-tubulin.

Gene Name:

TTL

Uniprot ID:

P38584

Molecular weight:

43270.0

General function:

Involved in copper ion binding

Specific function:

This is a copper-containing oxidase that functions in the formation of pigments such as melanins and other polyphenolic compounds. Catalyzes the initial and rate limiting step in the cascade of reactions leading to melanin production from tyrosine. In addition to hydroxylating tyrosine to DOPA (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine), also catalyzes the oxidation of DOPA to DOPA-quinone, and possibly the oxidation of DHI (5,6-dihydroxyindole) to indole-5,6 quinone.

Gene Name:

TYR

Uniprot ID:

Q8MIU0

Molecular weight:

60304.0

General function:

Amino acid transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Transaminase involved in tyrosine breakdown. Converts tyrosine to p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate. Can catalyze the reverse reaction, using glutamic acid, with 2-oxoglutarate as cosubstrate (in vitro). Has much lower affinity and transaminase activity for phenylalanine (By similarity).

Gene Name:

TAT

Uniprot ID:

Q58CZ9

Molecular weight:

49691.0

Reactions

General function:

Replication, recombination and repair

Specific function:

Binds to activated (phosphorylated) protein-Tyr kinases, through its SH2 domain, and acts as an adapter, mediating the association of the p110 catalytic unit to the plasma membrane. Necessary for the insulin-stimulated increase in glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis in insulin-sensitive tissues. Plays an important role in signaling in response to FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, KITLG/SCF, KIT, PDGFRA and PDGFRB. Likewise, plays a role in ITGB2 signaling. Modulates the cellular response to ER stress by promoting nuclear translocation of XBP1 in a ER stress- and/or insulin-dependent manner during metabolic overloading in the liver and hence plays a role in glucose tolerance improvement (By similarity).

Gene Name:

PIK3R1

Uniprot ID:

P23727

Molecular weight:

83497.0

General function:

Amino acid transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Catalyzes the decarboxylation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) to dopamine, L-5-hydroxytryptophan to serotonin and L-tryptophan to tryptamine.

Gene Name:

DDC

Uniprot ID:

P27718

Molecular weight:

54294.0

Reactions

General function:

Signal transduction mechanisms

Specific function:

Protein tyrosine phosphatase which stimulates progression from G1 into S phase during mitosis. Enhances cell proliferation, cell motility and invasive activity, and promotes cancer metastasis. May be involved in the progression of cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting intracellular calcium mobilization in response to angiotensin II (By similarity).

Gene Name:

PTP4A3

Uniprot ID:

A2VDT1

Molecular weight:

19511.0

General function:

Involved in phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulator activity

Specific function:

Regulatory subunit of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), a kinase that phosphorylates PtdIns(4,5)P2 (Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate) to generate phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). PIP3 plays a key role by recruiting PH domain-containing proteins to the membrane, including AKT1 and PDPK1, activating signaling cascades involved in cell growth, survival, proliferation, motility and morphology. Binds to activated (phosphorylated) protein-tyrosine kinases, through its SH2 domain, and acts as an adapter, mediating the association of the p110 catalytic unit to the plasma membrane. Indirectly regulates autophagy. Promotes nuclear translocation of XBP1 in a ER stress- and/or insulin-dependent manner during metabolic overloading in the liver and hence plays a role in glucose tolerance improvement (By similarity).

Gene Name:

PIK3R2

Uniprot ID:

P23726

Molecular weight:

81060.0

General function:

Involved in SH3 domain binding

Specific function:

Immunoglobulin-like cell surface receptor for CD47. Acts as docking protein and induces translocation of PTPN6, PTPN11 and other binding partners from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. Supports adhesion of cerebellar neurons, neurite outgrowth and glial cell attachment. May play a key role in intracellular signaling during synaptogenesis and in synaptic function. Involved in the negative regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase-coupled cellular responses induced by cell adhesion, growth factors or insulin. Mediates negative regulation of phagocytosis, mast cell activation and dendritic cell activation. CD47 binding prevents maturation of immature dendritic cells and inhibits cytokine production by mature dendritic cells (By similarity).

Gene Name:

SIRPA

Uniprot ID:

O46631

Molecular weight:

55093.0

General function:

Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis

Specific function:

Catalyzes the attachment of tyrosine to tRNA(Tyr) in a two-step reaction: tyrosine is first activated by ATP to form Tyr-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Tyr).

Gene Name:

YARS1

Uniprot ID:

Q29465

Molecular weight:

59149.0

General function:

Involved in protein tyrosine phosphatase activity

Specific function:

Tyrosine protein phosphatase which functions as a dosage-dependent inducer of mitotic progression. Directly dephosphorylates CDK1 and stimulates its kinase activity. Also dephosphorylates CDK2 in complex with cyclin E, in vitro (By similarity).

Gene Name:

CDC25A

Uniprot ID:

A7MBD1

Molecular weight:

59142.0

General function:

Involved in calcium ion binding

Specific function:

Extracellular matrix serine protease that plays a role in layering of neurons in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Regulates microtubule function in neurons and neuronal migration. Affects migration of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord, where it seems to act as a barrier to neuronal migration. Enzymatic activity is important for the modulation of cell adhesion. Binding to the extracellular domains of lipoprotein receptors VLDLR and LRP8/APOER2 induces tyrosine phosphorylation of DAB1 and modulation of TAU phosphorylation (By similarity).

Gene Name:

RELN

Uniprot ID:

Q9N117

Molecular weight:

6069.0

General function:

Involved in protein binding

Specific function:

Possible cell adhesion receptor. It possesses an intrinsic protein tyrosine phosphatase activity (PTPase) and dephosphorylates EPHA2 regulating its activity (By similarity).

Gene Name:

PTPRF

Uniprot ID:

A7MBJ4

Molecular weight:

211382.0

General function:

Signal transduction mechanisms

Specific function:

Acts on tyrosine phosphorylated proteins, low-MW aryl phosphates and natural and synthetic acyl phosphates.

Gene Name:

ACP1

Uniprot ID:

P11064

Molecular weight:

18055.0

General function:

Involved in protein tyrosine phosphatase activity

Specific function:

Lipid phosphatase which dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 3-monophosphate (PI3P) and phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P2). Has also been shown to dephosphorylate phosphotyrosine- and phosphoserine-containing peptides. Negatively regulates EGFR degradation through regulation of EGFR trafficking from the late endosome to the lysosome. Plays a role in vacuolar formation and morphology. Regulates desmin intermediate filament assembly and architecture. Plays a role in mitochondrial morphology and positioning. Required for skeletal muscle maintenance but not for myogenesis. In skeletal muscles, stabilizes MTMR12 protein levels.

Gene Name:

MTM1

Uniprot ID:

A6QLT4

Molecular weight:

70020.0

General function:

Replication, recombination and repair

Specific function:

Binds to activated (phosphorylated) protein-tyrosine kinases through its SH2 domain and regulates their kinase activity. During insulin stimulation, it also binds to IRS-1.

Gene Name:

PIK3R3

Uniprot ID:

O46404

Molecular weight:

54388.0

General function:

Involved in protein tyrosine phosphatase activity

Specific function:

Functions as a dosage-dependent inducer in mitotic control. Tyrosine protein phosphatase required for progression of the cell cycle. When phosphorylated, highly effective in activating G2 cells into prophase. Directly dephosphorylates CDK1 and activate its kinase activity (By similarity).

Gene Name:

CDC25C

Uniprot ID:

A5D7P0

Molecular weight:

53794.0

General function:

Carbohydrate transport and metabolism

Specific function:

Translocates a broad array of organic cations with various structures and molecular weights including the model compounds 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), tetraethylammonium (TEA), N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium (ASP), the endogenous compounds choline, guanidine, histamine, epinephrine, adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine, and the drugs quinine, and metformin. The transport of organic cations is inhibited by a broad array of compounds like tetramethylammonium (TMA), cocaine, lidocaine, NMDA receptor antagonists, atropine, prazosin, cimetidine, TEA and NMN, guanidine, cimetidine, choline, procainamide, quinine, tetrabutylammonium, and tetrapentylammonium. Translocates organic cations in an electrogenic and pH-independent manner. Translocates organic cations across the plasma membrane in both directions. Transports the polyamines spermine and spermidine. Transports pramipexole across the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubular epithelial cells. The choline transport is activated by MMTS. Regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways including inhibition by protein kinase A activation, and endogenously activation by the calmodulin complex, the calmodulin-dependent kinase II and LCK tyrosine kinase (By similarity).

Gene Name:

SLC22A1

Uniprot ID:

A7MBE0

Molecular weight:

62502.0

General function:

Involved in protein binding

Specific function:

Contactins mediate cell surface interactions during nervous system development. Involved in the formation of paranodal axo-glial junctions in myelinated peripheral nerves and in the signaling between axons and myelinating glial cells via its association with CNTNAP1. Participates in oligodendrocytes generation by acting as a ligand of NOTCH1. Its association with NOTCH1 promotes NOTCH1 activation through the released notch intracellular domain (NICD) and subsequent translocation to the nucleus. Interaction with TNR induces a repulsion of neurons and an inhibition of neurite outgrowth (By similarity).

Gene Name:

CNTN1

Uniprot ID:

Q28106

Molecular weight:

113385.0

General function:

Involved in receptor activity

Specific function:

Receptor for neurturin. Mediates the NRTN-induced autophosphorylation and activation of the RET receptor. Also able to mediate GDNF signaling through the RET tyrosine kinase receptor (By similarity).

Gene Name:

GFRA2

Uniprot ID:

Q5E9X0

Molecular weight:

51659.0

General function:

Not Available

Specific function:

Cell surface GPI-bound ligand for Eph receptors, a family of receptor tyrosine kinases which are crucial for migration, repulsion and adhesion during neuronal, vascular and epithelial development. Binds promiscuously Eph receptors residing on adjacent cells, leading to contact-dependent bidirectional signaling into neighboring cells. Plays an important role in angiogenesis and tumor neovascularization. The recruitment of VAV2, VAV3 and PI3-kinase p85 subunit by phosphorylated EPHA2 is critical for EFNA1-induced RAC1 GTPase activation and vascular endothelial cell migration and assembly. Exerts anti-oncogenic effects in tumor cells through activation and down-regulation of EPHA2. Activates EPHA2 by inducing tyrosine phosphorylation which leads to its internalization and degradation. Acts as a negative regulator in the tumorigenesis of gliomas by down-regulating EPHA2 and FAK. Can evoke collapse of embryonic neuronal growth cone and regulates dendritic spine morphogenesis (By similarity).

Gene Name:

EFNA1

Uniprot ID:

Q3ZC64

Molecular weight:

23838.0

General function:

Not Available

Specific function:

Component of the receptor for type I interferons, including interferons alpha, IFNB1 and IFNW1 (PubMed:8318540). Functions in general as heterodimer with IFNAR2. Type I interferon binding activates the JAK-STAT signaling cascade, and triggers tyrosine phosphorylation of a number of proteins including JAKs, TYK2, STAT proteins and the IFNR alpha- and beta-subunits themselves (By similarity). Can form an active IFNB1 receptor by itself and activate a signaling cascade that does not involve activation of the JAK-STAT pathway (By similarity).

Gene Name:

IFNAR1

Uniprot ID:

Q04790

Molecular weight:

63819.0

General function:

Involved in protein binding

Specific function:

Required in cooperation with CD79B for initiation of the signal transduction cascade activated by binding of antigen to the B-cell antigen receptor complex (BCR) which leads to internalization of the complex, trafficking to late endosomes and antigen presentation. Also required for BCR surface expression and for efficient differentiation of pro- and pre-B-cells. Stimulates SYK autophosphorylation and activation. Binds to BLNK, bringing BLNK into proximity with SYK and allowing SYK to phosphorylate BLNK. Also interacts with and increases activity of some Src-family tyrosine kinases. Represses BCR signaling during development of immature B-cells (By similarity).

Gene Name:

CD79A

Uniprot ID:

P40293

Molecular weight:

24630.0

General function:

Involved in zinc ion binding

Specific function:

Trans-acting factor that binds to glucocorticoid modulatory elements (GME) present in the TAT (tyrosine aminotransferase) promoter and increases sensitivity to low concentrations of glucocorticoids. Binds also to the transferrin receptor promoter (By similarity).

Gene Name:

GMEB1

Uniprot ID:

Q2HJ87

Molecular weight:

61321.0

General function:

Not Available

Specific function:

Associates with IFNAR1 to form the type I interferon receptor. Receptor for interferons alpha and beta. Involved in IFN-mediated STAT1, STAT2 and STAT3 activation. Mediates signal transduction via its association with the TYR kinase, JAK1.

Gene Name:

IFNAR2

Uniprot ID:

Q95141

Molecular weight:

59584.0

General function:

Involved in receptor binding

Specific function:

Binds and activates TIE2 receptor by inducing its tyrosine phosphorylation. Implicated in endothelial developmental processes later and distinct from that of VEGF. Appears to play a crucial role in mediating reciprocal interactions between the endothelium and surrounding matrix and mesenchyme. Mediates blood vessel maturation/stability. It may play an important role in the heart early development (By similarity).

Gene Name:

ANGPT1

Uniprot ID:

O18920

Molecular weight:

57429.0

General function:

Not Available

Specific function:

Interacts with the basal transcription machinery by coordinating the formation of a multiprotein complex at the C-FOS promoter, and linking specific signal responsive activator complexes. Promotes the formation of stable high-order complexes of SRF and PHOX1 and interacts cooperatively with PHOX1 to promote serum-inducible transcription of a reporter gene deriven by the C-FOS serum response element (SRE). Acts as a coregulator for USF1 by binding independently two promoter elements, a pyrimidine-rich initiator (Inr) and an upstream E-box. Required for the formation of functional ARID3A DNA-binding complexes and for activation of immunoglobulin heavy-chain transcription upon B-lymphocyte activation (By similarity).

Gene Name:

GTF2I

Uniprot ID:

A7MB80

Molecular weight:

110125.0

General function:

Involved in intracellular signaling cascade

Specific function:

SOCS family proteins form part of a classical negative feedback system that regulates cytokine signal transduction. SOCS3 is involved in negative regulation of cytokines that signal through the JAK/STAT pathway. Inhibits cytokine signal transduction by binding to tyrosine kinase receptors including gp130, LIF, erythropoietin, insulin and leptin receptors. Inhibits JAK2 kinase activity. Suppresses fetal liver erythropoiesis. Regulates onset and maintenance of allergic responses mediated by T-helper type 2 cells. Regulates IL-6 signaling in vivo. Probable substrate recognition component of a SCF-like ECS (Elongin BC-CUL2/5-SOCS-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Seems to recognize IL6ST (By similarity).

Gene Name:

SOCS3

Uniprot ID:

Q9BEG9

Molecular weight:

25134.0

General function:

Involved in scavenger receptor activity

Specific function:

Involved in clearance and endocytosis of hemoglobin/haptoglobin complexes by macrophages and may thereby protect tissues from free hemoglobin-mediated oxidative damage. May play a role in the uptake and recycling of iron, via endocytosis of hemoglobin/haptoglobin and subsequent breakdown of heme. Binds hemoglobin/haptoglobin complexes in a calcium-dependent and pH-dependent manner. Induces a cascade of intracellular signals that involves tyrosine kinase-dependent calcium mobilization, inositol triphosphate production and secretion of IL6 and CSF1 (By similarity).

Gene Name:

CD163

Uniprot ID:

P85521

Molecular weight:

121806.0

General function:

Not Available

Specific function:

Adapter protein which non-covalently associates with activating receptors found on the surface of a variety of immune cells to mediate signaling and cell activation following ligand binding by the receptors (By similarity). TYROBP is tyrosine-phosphorylated in the ITAM domain following ligand binding by the associated receptors which leads to activation of additional tyrosine kinases and subsequent cell activation (By similarity). Also has an inhibitory role in some cells (By similarity). Non-covalently associates with activating receptors of the CD300 family to mediate cell activation (By similarity). Also mediates cell activation through association with activating receptors of the CD200R family (By similarity). Required for neutrophil activation mediated by integrin (By similarity). Required for the activation of myeloid cells mediated by the CLEC5A/MDL1 receptor (By similarity). Associates with natural killer (NK) cell receptors such as the KLRD1/KLRC2 heterodimer to mediate NK cell activation (By similarity). Associates with TREM1 to mediate activation of neutrophils and monocytes (By similarity). Associates with TREM2 on monocyte-derived dendritic cells to mediate up-regulation of chemokine receptor CCR7 and dendritic cell maturation and survival (By similarity). Association with TREM2 mediates cytokine-induced formation of multinucleated giant cells which are formed by the fusion of macrophages (By similarity). Stabilizes the TREM2 C-terminal fragment (TREM2-CTF) produced by TREM2 ectodomain shedding which suppresses the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (By similarity). In microglia, required with TREM2 for phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons (By similarity). Required with ITGAM/CD11B in microglia to control production of microglial superoxide ions which promote the neuronal apoptosis that occurs during brain development (By similarity). Promotes proinflammatory responses in microglia following nerve injury which accelerates degeneration of injured neurons (By similarity). Positively regulates the expression of the IRAK3/IRAK-M kinase and IL10 production by liver dendritic cells and inhibits their T cell allosimulatory ability (By similarity). Negatively regulates B cell proliferation (By similarity). Required for CSF1-mediated osteoclast cytoskeletal organization (By similarity). Positively regulates multinucleation during osteoclast development (By similarity).

Gene Name:

TYROBP

Uniprot ID:

Q95J79

Molecular weight:

11836.0

General function:

Not Available

Specific function:

May act as a scaffolding protein within caveolar membranes. Interacts directly with G-protein alpha subunits and can functionally regulate their activity. Acts as an accessory protein in conjunction with CAV1 in targeting to lipid rafts and driving caveolae formation. Positive regulator of cellular mitogenesis of the MAPK signaling pathway. Required for the insulin-stimulated nuclear translocation and activation of MAPK1 and STAT3, and the subsequent regulation of cell cycle progression (By similarity).

Gene Name:

CAV2

Uniprot ID:

Q66WT7

Molecular weight:

18160.0

General function:

Involved in intracellular signaling cascade

Specific function:

SOCS family proteins form part of a classical negative feedback system that regulates cytokine signal transduction. CIS is involved in the negative regulation of cytokines that signal through the JAK-STAT5 pathway such as erythropoietin, prolactin and interleukin 3 (IL3) receptor. Inhibits STAT5 trans-activation by suppressing its tyrosine phosphorylation (By similarity). May be a substrate recognition component of a SCF-like ECS (Elongin BC-CUL2/5-SOCS-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity).

Gene Name:

CISH

Uniprot ID:

Q2HJ53

Molecular weight:

28397.0

General function:

Involved in diacylglycerol binding

Specific function:

Couples tyrosine kinase signals with the activation of the Rho/Rac GTPases, thus leading to cell differentiation and/or proliferation.

Gene Name:

VAV1

Uniprot ID:

Q08DN7

Molecular weight:

98243.0

General function:

Not Available

Specific function:

Not Available

Gene Name:

IL4I1

Uniprot ID:

F1N191

Molecular weight:

64479.0

Reactions